Peridot, a vibrant green gemstone, holds the distinction as a primary birthstone for August, alongside spinel and sardonyx. Its history is interwoven with tales of volcanic origins, celestial journeys, and mistaken identities with more well-known gems like emeralds and topaz. This article delves into the fascinating world of peridot, exploring its geological formation, historical significance, gemological properties, and enduring symbolism.
History and Lore
The story of peridot is one of ancient confusion and eventual recognition. Throughout history, this gem has frequently been misidentified. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, from which the name “topaz” is derived, was, in fact, a significant source of peridot. Ancient sources, including Pliny the Elder, referred to this gem as “topaz,” leading to centuries of misattribution.
The gem’s association with royalty and power is evident in historical accounts. Some historians speculate that the famed emerald collection of Cleopatra may have largely consisted of peridot. Furthermore, the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems once believed to be emeralds, but now confirmed as peridot. This demonstrates the gem’s historical value and the difficulty in accurately identifying gemstones before modern gemological techniques.
While peridot has a long and storied past, spinel and sardonyx were the original August birthstones, with a history stretching back over 4,000 years. Spinel, however, is a more recent addition to the August birthstone family, officially recognized in 2016 by the Jewelers of America and the American Gem Trade Association, marking an unprecedented update to the established birthstone list.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot’s origins are as dramatic as its history. This gemstone is unique in that it can be found in two distinct geological settings: brought to Earth’s surface via volcanic activity and originating from meteorites. Some peridot forms deep within the Earth’s mantle, and volcanic eruptions transport it to the surface through lava flows. Remarkably, peridot has also been discovered within meteorites, representing a truly extraterrestrial source.
Currently, peridot is sourced from various locations around the globe. Notable sources include Egypt, China, Hawaii, and Tanzania. The discovery of new peridot deposits in the American Southwest has increased the accessibility of this gemstone in recent years.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is the gem variety of the mineral olivine, a silicate composed of magnesium, iron, silicon, and oxygen. Its characteristic yellow-green to greenish-yellow hue is a result of the iron content within its composition. The shade of green can vary from pale lime to a richer olive, depending on the amount of iron present. Importantly, peridot maintains a consistent green color under different lighting conditions.
While specific gemological data like refractive index and hardness are not provided in the sources, the sources do indicate that peridot is often confused with other gems like topaz and emerald, suggesting a visual similarity in color and clarity. The sources also mention that spinel, while often mistaken for ruby or sapphire, is a distinct mineral species with a different crystal structure and is generally more affordable.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. It is often associated with abundance, protection, and positivity. Some believe peridot possesses a “stone of immortality” quality, while others consider it a gem favored by scholars. Ancient Greeks and Romans valued sardonyx for its symbolism of strength, courage, and protection, utilizing it in amulets, cameos, and seals, believing it brought victory in battle and enhanced communication skills. Spinel, similarly, has been linked to notions of immortality.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of peridot jewelry requires gentle care. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be used with caution. The safest method for cleaning peridot is to use warm soapy water and a soft-bristle brush. This approach minimizes the risk of damage to the gemstone.
Conclusion
Peridot stands as a captivating birthstone with a rich history, unique geological origins, and enduring symbolism. From its ancient misidentification as topaz and emerald to its modern recognition as a vibrant August birthstone, peridot continues to fascinate gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike. Its volcanic and even extraterrestrial origins add to its mystique, making it a truly special gem. The addition of spinel as an alternative August birthstone in 2016 further enriches the options for those born in this month, offering a diverse range of colors and histories to choose from.