August boasts a unique distinction among birthstones: not one, but three gemstones represent the month – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Each stone carries its own history, symbolism, and gemological properties, offering a diverse range of choices for those born in August, falling under the zodiac signs of Leo and Virgo. This article will delve into the origins, characteristics, and significance of these three August birthstones, exploring their historical use, geological formation, and enduring appeal.
A Historical Tapestry
The concept of birthstones has ancient roots, with connections to the twelve stones in the breastplate of the High Priest Aaron, representing the twelve tribes of Israel. However, the modern list of birthstones evolved over time, with updates occurring as recently as 1912, leading to the inclusion of multiple gems for some months. Sardonyx holds the distinction of being the original August birthstone, with a history stretching back over 4,000 years. Peridot, while popular today, also enjoys a long and storied past, frequently mistaken for other gems like topaz and emerald in ancient times. Spinel, the newest addition to the August birthstone family, was historically misidentified as ruby, only gaining recognition as a distinct gemstone in more recent times.
Ancient Egyptians prized peridot, mining it from the island of Zabargad and referring to it as the “gem of the sun” due to its brilliant shine, even in darkness. Cleopatra herself was believed to have adorned herself with peridot, mistaking it for emeralds. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems once thought to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot. Sardonyx, too, was known to ancient civilizations, valued for its banded appearance and used in creating cameos and intaglios.
Geological Origins and Sources
Peridot originates from deep within the Earth, formed under extreme conditions in hardened lava carried from the mantle, and even found in meteorites. This unique formation process contributes to its distinctive composition of olivine. The most significant sources of peridot include the Red Sea island of Zabargad, historically important to its discovery, as well as other locations around the globe.
Sardonyx, a variety of chalcedony, is sourced from various regions, with India being renowned for its distinct layer contrasts. Other mining locations include Greece, Uruguay, Brazil, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Pakistan, Indonesia, Madagascar, Latin America, the United Kingdom, and several states within the United States.
Spinel is found in a variety of colors and locations, though specific sources are not detailed in the provided materials.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
Each of the August birthstones possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and value.
Peridot: This gem is a yellowish-green to greenish-yellow variety of the mineral olivine. Its refractive index ranges from 1.65 to 1.69, with a birefringence of 0.035 to 0.038. It has a specific gravity of 3.34 and a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it relatively durable but susceptible to scratching. Peridot is unique in that it consistently occurs in shades of green, though the intensity can vary.
Spinel: Belonging to the spinel group of minerals, this gemstone exhibits a wide range of colors, including red, orange, pink, purple, blue, and black. Its refractive index is 1.718, with a specific gravity of 3.60 and a Mohs hardness of 8, indicating excellent durability. The name "Spinel" is thought to derive from the Latin word "Spina," meaning thorn, referencing its spine-shaped crystals.
Sardonyx: This gemstone is a banded variety of chalcedony, composed of layers of sard (reddish-brown) and onyx (white). Specific gemological properties for sardonyx are not detailed in the provided sources.
The following table summarizes the key gemological properties of peridot and spinel:
| Property | Peridot | Spinel |
|---|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine | Spinel Group |
| Color | Yellowish-Green | Red, Orange, Pink, Purple, Blue, Black |
| Refractive Index | 1.65-1.69 | 1.718 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 | 3.60 |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5-7 | 8 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these August birthstones has been attributed with various meanings and powers. Peridot is believed to bring happiness, protection, and good luck to its wearer. It is associated with growth, fresh energy, and nature, making it a fitting symbol for the summer month of August. Spinel, sometimes referred to as the “stone of immortality,” is thought to represent the best wishes for marriage and is associated with the 22nd wedding anniversary. Different colors of spinel are believed to offer different physical and mental healing benefits. Sardonyx, with its grounding reddish-brown and white bands, complements the practical and steady personality of those born under the Virgo zodiac sign.
Peridot’s bright green glow is thought to remind people of nature and vitality, aligning with the energetic spirit of August. The association of peridot with Leo’s fiery nature and sardonyx with Virgo’s grounded personality further enhances their significance as August birthstones.
Modern Applications and Jewelry
Today, all three August birthstones are popular choices for jewelry. Peridot pieces offer a unique way to celebrate an August birthday or commemorate special moments. Heart-shaped peridot earrings, set in sterling silver with gold or rose gold finishes, are a charming and delicate option. Spinel’s vibrant colors and durability make it suitable for a variety of jewelry designs, while sardonyx continues to be used in cameos and intaglios, showcasing its banded beauty. The versatility of these stones allows for creative expression and personalized jewelry designs. Combining August birthstones in a single piece of jewelry is also a popular trend, allowing wearers to embrace the diverse symbolism and aesthetic appeal of each gem.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, peridot requires careful handling to avoid scratches. Cleaning can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Spinel, with a Mohs hardness of 8, is more durable and can withstand more rigorous cleaning methods. However, all gemstones should be protected from harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures. Specific cleaning instructions for sardonyx are not provided in the sources.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent a rich legacy of history, symbolism, and geological wonder. From the ancient mines of Egypt to modern jewelry designs, these gemstones have captivated people for millennia. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, their purported metaphysical properties, or their connection to the zodiac signs of Leo and Virgo, these three gems offer a diverse and meaningful selection for those born in the eighth month of the year. Their enduring appeal ensures that they will continue to shine as timeless favorites for generations to come.