For centuries, gemstones have held a captivating allure, symbolizing not only beauty and wealth but also possessing deeper cultural and personal significance. A particularly enduring tradition is the association of specific gemstones with the months of the year – the concept of birthstones. While often used interchangeably, the terms “gemstones” and “birthstones” are not synonymous. All birthstones are gemstones, but not all gemstones qualify as birthstones. This distinction stems from a rich history of evolving beliefs, cultural influences, and practical considerations surrounding gemstone availability and standardization. This article will explore the fascinating journey of birthstones, from their biblical and ancient roots to the modern lists established in the 20th century, detailing the historical shifts and the enduring symbolism associated with these captivating gems.
A History Rooted in Antiquity
The origins of associating gemstones with specific periods can be traced back to the biblical Breastplate of Aaron, described in the Book of Exodus. This sacred vestment, worn by the high priest of the Israelites, was adorned with twelve different gemstones, each representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. These stones were not chosen randomly; they were selected for their color, and were believed to hold power and influence. Translations of the original texts reveal the stones included carnelian, chrysolite, emerald, turquoise, sapphire, amethyst, jacinth, agate, crystal, beryl, lapis lazuli, and jasper. These early associations were less about fixed monthly attributions and more about connecting specific stones to tribal identities and divine favor.
Further influences came from Hindu traditions, though details are limited within the provided sources. This suggests a broader, ancient practice of attributing significance to gemstones across various cultures. Over time, these connections evolved, with the gemstones becoming linked to the twelve signs of the zodiac and, eventually, to the twelve months of the year.
The Evolution of Traditional Lists
Traditional birthstone lists were far from standardized. Different cultures and time periods maintained their own unique associations. For example, January was linked to both garnet and hyacinth, February to amethyst and pearl, and March to bloodstone and jasper. This variability reflected regional availability of gemstones, prevailing beliefs about their mystical properties, and simply, differing cultural preferences. The sources indicate that in October, both opal and aquamarine were considered birthstones, while November recognized topaz and pearl. This fluidity demonstrates that the concept of a fixed birthstone for each month was not established early on.
The sources highlight that the original birthstones were not determined by chemical composition, but rather by color. This explains why some birthstone attributions have shifted over time as gemological understanding advanced and new gemstones were discovered or became more accessible.
The Standardization of Modern Birthstones
The lack of consistency in traditional birthstone lists prompted the American National Association of Jewelers to establish a standardized list in 1912. This initiative aimed to create a uniform system, simplifying selection for consumers and providing clarity for jewelers. The modern list was also influenced by the availability of gemstones, ensuring that birthstones were readily accessible and affordable. This list has been updated periodically, with additions like tanzanite reflecting evolving tastes and the discovery of new gems.
The modern list provides a single, widely recognized birthstone for each month, though some months still retain alternative or secondary stones. This standardization has solidified the tradition of birthstones in contemporary culture.
Notable Birthstones and Their Significance
Several gemstones highlighted in the provided sources exemplify the rich history and symbolism associated with birthstones.
Garnet (January): Signifying eternal friendship and trust, garnet’s name derives from the Latin word granatum, meaning “seed,” due to its resemblance to a pomegranate seed. Historically used by Egyptians as early as 3100 B.C. as jewelry inlays, garnet encompasses a range of colors, from deep red pyrope to vibrant green tsavorites. Today, significant sources include Africa, Sri Lanka, and India.
Amethyst (February): Ancient Greeks and Romans believed amethyst could ward off intoxication, keeping the wearer clear-headed and quick-witted. Throughout history, it has been associated with royalty and featured prominently in English regalia during the Middle Ages. Amethyst is a variety of quartz, displaying a beautiful blend of violet and red hues. While historically sourced from Russia, Brazil is now the primary source, with fine material also found in Zambia.
Aquamarine (March): One of the two birthstones for March, aquamarine is celebrated for its serene blue hues.
Tourmaline (October): Available in a wide spectrum of colors, tourmaline has become a favorite among jewelers and collectors. Its ability to display multiple colors within a single gemstone – bi-color or tri-color varieties – makes it particularly prized. The “watermelon tourmaline,” with its green, pink, and white bands, is a notable example. Sources include Brazil, Afghanistan, East Africa, and the USA.
Opal (October): Deriving its name from the Greek Opallos, meaning “to see a change (of color),” opal exhibits a captivating play of color. Formed from non-crystalline silica gel that seeped into crevices in sedimentary strata, opal’s radiance is created by the arrangement of spherical particles.
Topaz (November): Available in a rich rainbow of colors, topaz has been prized for millennia. Historically, all yellow gems were referred to as topaz, leading to confusion with citrine quartz. The most valued variety is Imperial topaz, featuring a magnificent orange body color with pinkish undertones.
Citrine (November): Known as the “healing quartz,” citrine is believed to support vitality and health. Ranging in color from pastel yellow to dark brownish orange, it is a relatively affordable and plentiful gemstone, primarily sourced from Brazil, Bolivia, and Spain.
Tanzanite (December): A more recent addition to the modern birthstone list, tanzanite is a relatively rare gemstone found only in Tanzania.
Why Birthstones Change and Choosing the Right Stone
The evolution of birthstone lists is a testament to changing cultural influences, gemstone availability, and the desire for standardization. As some traditional stones became scarce or expensive, alternatives were sought. The standardization efforts of the National Association of Jewelers in 1912 aimed to create a consistent and marketable list, but even this list has been updated to reflect new discoveries and evolving preferences.
When choosing a birthstone, individuals are encouraged to embrace alternative stones, explore affordable lookalikes, combine gemstones for personalization, and learn about the history and symbolism associated with each stone. Ultimately, the “perfect” birthstone is a matter of personal preference and connection.
Conclusion
The history of birthstones is a fascinating journey through cultural beliefs, geological discoveries, and commercial influences. While the tradition began with ancient associations rooted in religious and symbolic meanings, it has evolved into a modern practice of personal expression and gift-giving. Understanding the distinction between gemstones and birthstones, and appreciating the historical context behind each stone, enriches the experience of selecting and wearing these captivating symbols of identity and connection. The enduring appeal of birthstones lies not only in their beauty but also in the stories they tell – stories of ancient civilizations, evolving traditions, and the enduring human fascination with the natural world.