June is one of the few months with two official birthstones: Alexandrite and Pearl. Among these, Alexandrite stands out for its rarity, color-changing properties, and deep historical significance. Known as the “emerald by day, ruby by night,” Alexandrite has captivated gemologists, jewelers, and collectors since its discovery in the 19th century. Though it wasn’t officially designated as a birthstone until 1952, its allure and symbolic power have since made it a treasured gem for June birthdays.
This article explores the geological formation, gemological properties, cultural symbolism, and modern jewelry applications of Alexandrite. We will also delve into its historical journey to becoming a birthstone, its metaphysical attributes, and practical care tips for those who own or are considering this extraordinary gemstone.
History and Lore
Alexandrite was first discovered in the Ural Mountains of Russia in the early 19th century. It was named after Tsar Alexander II, who was born in 1818, the same year the gemstone was identified. Its discovery was considered a royal omen, and it quickly became a symbol of good fortune and regal prestige. Alexandrite was initially a closely guarded Russian secret, mined exclusively in the Urals and reserved for the imperial family and high-ranking officials.
The gemstone’s most extraordinary characteristic is its color change, a property that was not widely understood at the time. In daylight, Alexandrite appears green, but under incandescent light, it shifts to a reddish-purplish hue. This phenomenon is due to the presence of trace amounts of chromium in the chrysoberyl mineral structure. The color change was so striking that it became the subject of much fascination and speculation, with some believing it to be magical or even supernatural.
Alexandrite did not become an officially recognized birthstone until 1952, nearly a century after its discovery. It was officially added to the list of June birthstones by the American National Association of Jewelers (now the Gemological Institute of America, GIA). This late inclusion was due to its rarity and the difficulty in sourcing high-quality material for widespread use in jewelry.
Despite its late recognition, Alexandrite has since become a symbol of intuition, creativity, and transformation. It is believed to aid in concentration and to bring positive omens to those who wear it. In modern times, Alexandrite is often used in fine jewelry, particularly in necklaces, rings, and pendants, where its color change can be showcased to full effect.
Geological Formation and Sources
Alexandrite is a rare variety of the mineral chrysoberyl, a beryllium-aluminum oxide with the chemical formula BeAl₂O₄. What makes Alexandrite unique is the presence of chromium, which replaces some of the aluminum in the crystal lattice. This substitution is what causes the gemstone’s famous color change. The exact amount of chromium determines the intensity of the color shift, with the most valuable specimens exhibiting a dramatic transition from green to red.
The formation of Alexandrite requires very specific geological conditions. It is typically found in metamorphic rocks, formed when existing rock is subjected to high pressure and temperature. These conditions allow for the chemical reactions necessary to produce the chrysoberyl structure. The presence of chromium is a rare occurrence, making natural Alexandrite one of the most valuable and sought-after gemstones in the world.
Historically, the only known source of Alexandrite was the Ural Mountains in Russia, where it was first discovered. However, due to the depletion of these deposits and the difficulty in mining them, the Urals are now considered an exhausted source. In the 20th century, new deposits were discovered in Brazil, particularly in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. Brazilian Alexandrite tends to have a more pronounced color change and is often of higher quality than its Russian counterpart.
Other sources of Alexandrite have been found in India, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar, though these are far less common and often produce smaller, less vibrant stones. In recent years, synthetic Alexandrite has also become available, created in laboratories to replicate the properties of natural stones. These synthetic gems are often used in jewelry as a more affordable alternative, though they lack the rarity and historical significance of natural Alexandrite.
The rarity of Alexandrite is further compounded by the difficulty in mining and cutting the gemstone. Because of its hardness and brittle nature, it must be carefully handled during the cutting process. Only the most skilled gem cutters can produce Alexandrite that showcases its full color-changing potential without causing damage. This combination of natural scarcity and technical challenges contributes to Alexandrite’s high value in the gemstone market.
Gemological Properties
Alexandrite is a remarkable gemstone not only for its color change but also for its other gemological properties. Here are the key characteristics that define Alexandrite:
- Chemical Formula: BeAl₂O₄ (chrysoberyl with chromium)
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
- Hardness: 8.5 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.74–1.78
- Color: Green in daylight; red to purplish in incandescent light
- Specific Gravity: 3.6–3.8
- Luster: Vitreous (glassy)
- Cleavage: Perfect in one direction
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
Alexandrite’s hardness of 8.5 on the Mohs scale makes it relatively durable, though it is still prone to chipping due to its perfect cleavage. This means that it should be handled with care, especially in jewelry that is subject to daily wear. The gemstone is typically cut in a faceted style, which allows the color change to be seen from different angles. The most popular cuts for Alexandrite are the emerald cut and the round brilliant cut, both of which enhance the gemstone’s brilliance and color shift.
Alexandrite is usually found in small sizes, with stones over 2 carats being extremely rare. Most Alexandrite used in jewelry ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 carats. Larger stones are highly valued and can command high prices in the market. The intensity of the color change is one of the most important factors in determining the value of an Alexandrite. Stones with a strong and vivid color shift are considered the most desirable.
In terms of clarity, Alexandrite can range from eye-clean to slightly included. Because of its rarity and the difficulty in finding high-quality material, even stones with minor inclusions can be valuable. The most valuable Alexandrites are those with a clean, vibrant color change and minimal visible inclusions.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Alexandrite is believed to carry a range of symbolic and metaphysical properties, making it a popular choice not only for its beauty but also for its spiritual significance. In many cultures, Alexandrite is associated with intuition, creativity, and transformation. It is often used in meditation and spiritual practices to help individuals connect with their inner wisdom and navigate complex emotional landscapes.
The gemstone is also considered a stone of adaptability and balance, helping to harmonize the mind and emotions. This makes it particularly useful for those undergoing major life changes or seeking to improve their decision-making abilities. Some believe that Alexandrite enhances concentration and mental clarity, making it an ideal stone for students, writers, and professionals who rely on focus and creativity.
In the realm of chakra healing, Alexandrite is associated with the heart and crown chakras. It is believed to help open and align these energy centers, promoting emotional healing and spiritual growth. Some practitioners use Alexandrite to help release emotional blockages and to encourage compassion and empathy.
The gemstone is also considered a stone of good fortune, particularly in romantic relationships. It is often given as a gift to celebrate love and commitment, symbolizing the strength and loyalty of the bond between two people. In some traditions, Alexandrite is believed to protect the wearer from negative energy and to attract positive opportunities.
These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, have contributed to the enduring popularity of Alexandrite as a meaningful and powerful gemstone. Whether worn for its beauty, its historical significance, or its metaphysical properties, Alexandrite continues to capture the imagination of gemstone enthusiasts around the world.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its perfect cleavage and moderate hardness, Alexandrite requires careful handling and maintenance to preserve its beauty and value. Here are some practical tips for caring for Alexandrite jewelry:
Avoid Impact and Pressure: Because of its cleavage, Alexandrite is susceptible to chipping and breaking if struck or subjected to pressure. It should be kept away from hard surfaces and stored separately from other gemstones to prevent damage.
Use Gentle Cleaning Methods: Alexandrite can be cleaned with a soft, lint-free cloth and warm, soapy water. Avoid using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone or its setting.
Avoid Exposure to Heat: Alexandrite is sensitive to high temperatures, which can cause it to lose its luster or even crack. It should be kept away from direct sunlight, ovens, and other heat sources.
Store Properly: When not in use, Alexandrite should be stored in a soft pouch or jewelry box to prevent scratches and damage. Avoid storing it in a humid environment, as this can affect its clarity and color.
Professional Cleaning and Inspection: For deep cleaning or to check for any signs of wear, it is advisable to take Alexandrite jewelry to a professional jeweler. They can clean the gemstone safely and inspect the setting for any loosening or damage.
By following these care tips, Alexandrite jewelry can retain its brilliance and beauty for many years. Proper maintenance not only preserves the gemstone’s appearance but also ensures that it remains a treasured heirloom.
Conclusion
Alexandrite is a gemstone of rare beauty, rich history, and deep symbolism. Its unique color-changing properties, combined with its association with intuition, creativity, and transformation, make it a treasured birthstone for those born in June. Whether worn as a necklace, ring, or pendant, Alexandrite offers not only a stunning visual display but also a meaningful connection to the wearer’s inner self.
From its discovery in the Urals to its modern use in fine jewelry, Alexandrite continues to captivate and inspire. Its journey from a royal gem to a widely recognized birthstone reflects its enduring appeal and significance. As both a scientific marvel and a cultural treasure, Alexandrite remains one of the most fascinating gemstones in the world of jewelry and gemology.