August is a unique month in the world of birthstones, boasting not one, but three gems associated with those born within its span: onyx, peridot, and spinel. While modern lists often highlight peridot as the primary stone, the history of August birthstones reveals a fascinating evolution, with onyx holding the position as the ancient choice and spinel a more recent addition, gaining official recognition in 2016. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of each of these August birthstones, drawing upon available historical and gemological information.
A History of Shifting Associations
The tradition of linking gemstones to specific birth months has medieval roots, tracing back to biblical times and gaining prominence in Poland and Germany centuries ago. Initially, these associations were fluid, with variations existing across Europe and North America. The concept of “ancient,” “traditional,” and “modern” birthstones emerged to categorize these evolving preferences. Onyx represents the ancient connection to August, peridot the traditional, and spinel the modern designation. The layering of these associations reflects both historical usage and the influence of the jewelry industry in adapting to consumer desires and gemstone availability.
Onyx: The Ancient Guardian
Onyx, the oldest of the August birthstones, derives its name from the Greek word for “claw” or “nail,” likely referencing its use in nail-making during ancient times. It is a variety of chalcedony, a cryptocrystalline form of silica, characterized by its banded structure of brownish-red to brown and dark orange sard alternating with white or black layers of onyx. This distinctive banding is what gives the stone its name and appeal. India is currently the major producer of sardonyx, with additional sources found in Brazil, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Madagascar, Uruguay, and the United States.
Historically, onyx held significant value in ancient cultures. Its use dates back over 4,000 years, and it was prized for its perceived protective qualities. The stone’s layered appearance was thought to represent strength and resilience.
Peridot: The Gem of the Sun
Peridot, often called the “evening emerald” or the “gem of the Sun,” is a vibrant green gemstone that has captivated civilizations for centuries. It is the gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, formed deep within the Earth’s mantle and occasionally brought to the surface by volcanic activity, earning it the nickname “Pele’s Tears” after the Hawaiian goddess of fire. Remarkably, peridot has even been found within meteorites, adding to its mystique.
Ancient Egyptians revered peridot, referring to it as the “Gem of the Sun.” They believed it possessed the power to ward off evil spirits and bring confidence, good health, and good luck. Pharaohs adorned themselves with peridot, and it was a prominent feature in their tombs. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have actually consisted largely of peridot. The stone was sourced from a small island off the coast of Egypt, closely guarded for its precious treasures. Another historical source was the island of Oahu in Hawaii, where the green sand of Papakolea Beach is rich in crushed olivine.
Spinel: A Recently Recognized Beauty
Spinel is the newest addition to the August birthstone family, officially recognized in 2016. For centuries, red spinel was often mistaken for ruby, a gem with which it shares a similar appearance. However, spinel possesses distinct gemological properties that differentiate it from ruby, and it has gained appreciation as a beautiful gemstone in its own right.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
Each of the August birthstones possesses unique gemological characteristics.
| Property | Onyx (Sardonyx) | Peridot | Spinel |
|---|---|---|---|
| Composition | Chalcedony (SiO₂) | Olivine (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ | Magnesium Aluminate (MgAl₂O₄) |
| Color | Banded red/brown/white | Yellowish-green to green | Wide range, including red, pink, blue, purple |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5-7 | 6.5-7 | 8 |
| Luster | Vitreous | Vitreous | Vitreous |
| Transparency | Translucent to opaque | Transparent | Transparent |
The Mohs hardness scale indicates a gemstone’s resistance to scratching. Onyx and peridot, with a hardness of 6.5-7, are relatively durable but can be susceptible to scratches from harder materials. Spinel, with a hardness of 8, is significantly more durable and resistant to abrasion.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the August birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs. Onyx has long been associated with strength, protection, and grounding. Peridot is believed to promote abundance, protection, and positivity, and was historically thought to bestow confidence, power, and good health. Spinel is often linked to revitalization and renewal, offering a boost of energy and inspiration.
Ancient Egyptians believed peridot protected against nightmares and evil spirits. They also associated the stone with royalty and power. The association of peridot with the sun stemmed from its vibrant green color, reminiscent of lush vegetation nourished by sunlight.
Jewelry and Modern Usage
All three August birthstones are popular choices for jewelry. Onyx is often carved into cameos and intaglios, showcasing its banded structure. Peridot is frequently faceted to enhance its brilliance and is commonly found in rings, earrings, and pendants. Spinel, with its wide range of colors, offers versatility in jewelry design and is gaining popularity as an alternative to ruby and sapphire.
Those born in August, described as strong-willed, practical, and natural-born leaders, may find resonance with the qualities embodied by these stones. The choice between onyx, peridot, and spinel ultimately depends on personal preference and the desired symbolism.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these August birthstones. Onyx and peridot, with their similar hardness, should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the stones. Spinel, being more durable, can withstand slightly more rigorous cleaning, but it is still advisable to avoid harsh chemicals. Regular cleaning will help preserve the brilliance and luster of these gems.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – onyx, peridot, and spinel – represent a rich tapestry of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From the ancient protective qualities of onyx to the sun-kissed radiance of peridot and the revitalizing energy of spinel, each stone offers a unique connection to the month of August. The evolution of these associations, from ancient traditions to modern designations, reflects the enduring allure of gemstones and their ability to capture the imagination and inspire beauty.