Amber is a unique and captivating gemstone, distinguished not by its crystalline structure like most gems, but by its organic origin as fossilized tree resin. While not traditionally recognized as an official birthstone across all systems, it is strongly associated with November, often listed alongside citrine and smoky topaz. For millennia, amber has been prized for its beauty, its perceived protective qualities, and its remarkable ability to preserve remnants of ancient life. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, and cultural significance of this fascinating “gem of the stone.”
History and Lore
The history of amber extends back thousands of years, with evidence of its use dating back to the Paleolithic period. As early as 600 B.C., the ancient Greeks referred to amber as “elektron,” recognizing its ability to become electrically charged when rubbed – a property that ultimately gave us the word “electricity.” Homer, the famed Greek poet, lauded amber’s luminous sheen in his writings. The Egyptians held amber in high regard, incorporating it into tombs as a symbol of eternity.
Throughout history, amber has been attributed with various powers. Legend suggests it enhanced the abilities of magicians and sorcerers. More practically, it was believed to provide love, strength, luck, healing, and protection, and to calm hyperactivity and stressed nerves. Some cultures believed amber could bring good luck, relieve fears, ease headaches, and provide clarity of mind. The ancient name for amber, “electron,” reflects its early association with energy and power, as the gemstone was useful in pulling energy into its bearer.
The term “amber” itself evolved over time. Originally, it was used to describe ambergris, a waxy substance produced in the digestive system of sperm whales, prized for its use in perfumes. Around the 14th century, the term shifted to refer to the fossilized resin we now know as amber, though confusion between the two substances persisted due to their similar origins – both being found washed up on beaches.
Geological Formation and Sources
Amber is not a mineral, but rather an organic gemstone, specifically fossilized pine resin, most commonly originating from the Pinus succinifera tree. The process of amber formation begins with resin secreted by the tree to heal wounds, protecting it from fungus and decay. When the tree eventually falls and decomposes, the resin remains. Over millions of years – typically between 30 and 90 million years – this resin is buried under layers of vegetation, earth, and sometimes water. The pressure and heat from these layers cause the resin to harden and transform into amber.
The most significant source of amber globally is the Baltic region, particularly the Kaliningrad Region of Russia, which accounts for approximately ninety percent of the world’s amber deposits. Amber can be found along the eastern coasts of Holland and England, throughout Poland, North Germany, Scandinavia, and West Russia, and the Baltic states, having been carried by glaciers, river channels, and waves.
Dominican amber, sourced from the Dominican Republic, is also highly valued for its unique features, often containing exceptionally well-preserved insect and plant inclusions. Amber is also found in other regions, though these deposits are generally less extensive. A unique form, known as “ambrite,” is found in New Zealand coal seams, and is processed as ‘resinite’.
Gemological Properties
Amber differs significantly from typical gemstones in its composition and properties. Unlike crystalline gemstones, amber possesses an amorphous structure. Its chemical composition is C10H16O. It is remarkably lightweight, possessing a specific gravity of only 1.08, which allows it to float in saltwater – a useful characteristic for distinguishing it from imitations. Its refractive index is 1.540, and it registers a hardness of 2.0 to 2.5 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft and susceptible to scratching.
A defining characteristic of amber is its inclusions. These natural “time capsules” often contain prehistoric organisms, such as insects, plants, and even small animals, perfectly preserved within the hardened resin. These inclusions not only enhance the gem’s aesthetic appeal but also provide valuable insights into ancient ecosystems.
Amber exhibits a range of colors, from pale yellow to deep orange and milky white. The color variations are influenced by the type of resin, the presence of inclusions, and the degree of oxidation.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | C10H16O |
| Refractive Index | 1.540 |
| Specific Gravity | 1.08 |
| Mohs Hardness | 2.0 - 2.5 |
| Structure | Amorphous |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, amber has been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. It is associated with the astrological sign of Taurus. Modern beliefs attribute various healing and emotional benefits to amber, including the treatment of jaundice, the promotion of emotional balance, and the relief of headaches. It is also believed to provide clarity of mind, remove negative energy, and offer patience and wisdom.
Amber is often seen as a stone of warmth and positivity, reflecting the sunniest and warmest energy. It is thought to provide a personal energy to those who wear it as jewelry or carry it with them. Some believe it can manifest wealth, prosperity, and optimism, earning it the nickname “the merchant stone.”
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively low hardness, amber requires careful handling and cleaning. It is susceptible to scratches and damage from harsh chemicals. To clean amber, it is best to use a soft cloth and lukewarm water with a mild soap. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, steam cleaners, and abrasive materials. It is also advisable to remove amber jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to chemicals. Prolonged exposure to sunlight can also cause amber to fade or become brittle, so it should be stored in a cool, dark place.
Conclusion
Amber stands apart as a truly unique gemstone, not for its brilliance or hardness, but for its organic origins and its connection to the ancient world. From its historical use in jewelry and ornamentation to its modern-day appeal as a captivating gem, amber continues to fascinate and inspire. Its ability to preserve remnants of prehistoric life, coupled with its perceived healing and protective properties, solidifies its place as a gem of both scientific and cultural significance. While not universally recognized as a traditional birthstone, its association with November and its enduring appeal ensure its continued popularity among gemstone enthusiasts and collectors alike.