The tradition of associating specific gemstones with months of the year, and even days of the week, has a rich history, evolving from ancient beliefs to formalized lists created by jewelers in the 18th and 20th centuries. While the practice began in Poland during the 18th century, the modern birthstone list as it is largely known today was formalized in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers. This system has continued to be updated by the Jewelers of America, sometimes offering multiple gemstone options for a single month. November, in particular, boasts a selection of captivating gems: topaz and citrine, with garnet also holding a traditional association. These stones are celebrated for their beauty, historical significance, and the diverse meanings attributed to them across cultures.
A History of November’s Stones
November’s birthstones have a long and varied history. Garnet, traditionally linked to January but also appearing as a November stone in some accounts, was favored by Vikings and often found in unearthed Viking jewelry. Medieval medicine believed garnet possessed healing properties, reducing inflammation and fever, and even aiding sleep and attracting wealth. Topaz, often referred to as the “fire stone,” was associated with the sun gods Ra and Jupiter in ancient times. Legends suggest it could quench thirst and prevent nightmares. Citrine, sometimes called “healing quartz,” is a more recent addition to November’s offerings, gaining prominence as a more affordable alternative to topaz.
The distinction between “traditional” and “modern” birthstones emerged in the 1950s when Jewelers of America released a revised list. The modern list often favors transparent stones, likely to facilitate the creation of versatile and contemporary jewelry designs, particularly mother’s rings.
Gemological Properties: Topaz, Citrine, and Garnet
Each of November’s birthstones possesses unique gemological characteristics. Topaz, with a Mohs hardness of 8, is a durable gemstone available in a range of hues, including yellow, orange, pink, and blue. Red topaz is exceptionally rare and commands the highest value. Naturally occurring topaz is often colorless, orange, or golden-brown, but treatments are commonly used to produce the vibrant blue shades seen in much of the market.
Citrine, also boasting a Mohs hardness of 7-7.5, presents in charming yellow and orange tones. Its relative abundance makes it a more affordable option for birthstone jewelry.
Garnet, with a Mohs hardness of 7-7.5, is known for its rich, dark red color, a shade reminiscent of a pomegranate – the origin of its name, derived from the Latin word for pomegranate.
The Mohs hardness scale provides a comparative measure of a mineral’s resistance to scratching:
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Topaz | 8 |
| Citrine | 7-7.5 |
| Garnet | 7-7.5 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
These November birthstones are steeped in symbolism and metaphysical beliefs. Topaz is considered a stone of love and affection, believed to boost strength and intellect. It sparks purpose, zeal, and passion, fostering self-confidence and kindness. Ancient lore associates topaz with promoting charity.
Citrine is believed to promote vitality and energy, creating wealth and abundance. It is often referred to as “healing quartz” for its perceived restorative properties.
Garnet symbolizes faith, fidelity, and true friendship. Historically, it was worn for protection during battle or travel and as a guard against poison. It was thought to bring wealth and good fortune to the wearer.
Beyond monthly associations, gemstones were also linked to specific days of the week, believed to absorb planetary energies. Wearing a stone corresponding to the day of one’s birth was thought to harness those energies. For example, wearing a ruby or garnet on Tuesday, associated with Mars, was believed to inspire creativity and passion.
Color Variations and Sources
The color variations within each gemstone family contribute to their individual appeal. Topaz ranges from colorless to yellow, orange, pink, and blue, with the deep blue shades (London blue topaz) being particularly popular. Citrine typically exhibits yellow and orange hues. Garnet is most commonly known for its deep red color, but can also be found in other shades.
While specific mining locations are not detailed in the provided sources, the historical presence of garnet in Viking jewelry suggests Scandinavian origins. The sources do not provide specific details on the origins of topaz or citrine.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their relatively high Mohs hardness, topaz, citrine, and garnet are reasonably durable gemstones. However, they still require careful handling and cleaning to maintain their brilliance. Avoid exposing them to harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is recommended. Garnets, while durable, can be brittle and should be protected from sharp impacts.
Tourmaline and Opal: October’s Alternatives
While this article focuses on November birthstones, it is worth noting that the concept of alternative birthstones is prevalent. October, for example, shares tourmaline and opal as birthstones alongside citrine. Tourmaline, meaning “mixed stone,” comes in a myriad of colors, with pink being the rarest and associated with love and compassion. Opal is unique for its play-of-color, displaying different color combinations within each gem.
Days of the Week and Gemstone Correspondences
The tradition of associating gemstones with days of the week offers another layer of personalization. The sources indicate the following correspondences:
| Day of the Week | Stone | Color |
|---|---|---|
| Sunday | Gold Topaz | Vibrant |
| Monday | Moonstone or Pearl | Tranquil |
| Tuesday | Ruby or Garnet | Creative/Passionate |
| Wednesday | Turquoise, Sapphire, or Lapis Lazuli | Protective |
| Thursday | Amethyst | Mentally Clear |
| Friday | Emerald | Loving/Exciting |
| Saturday | Diamond | Happy |
Conclusion
November’s birthstones – garnet, topaz, and citrine – represent a diverse range of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. From the protective qualities attributed to garnet by the Vikings to the invigorating energy of topaz and the wealth-attracting properties of citrine, these gemstones offer a rich tapestry of lore and beauty. The evolution of the birthstone list, from traditional associations to the modern classifications established by jewelers, reflects a continuing fascination with the power and allure of these natural treasures. The choice between these stones allows for a personalized connection, reflecting individual preferences and beliefs.