For centuries, birthstones have captivated people not merely for their aesthetic appeal, but also for the symbolism, luck, and personal connection they represent. In the United Kingdom, the tradition of associating gemstones with specific months is deeply rooted, offering a personalised touch to jewellery and a meaningful way to mark significant life events. This article explores the birthstones recognised in the UK, delving into their history, geological origins (where available), gemological properties, and the beliefs surrounding them.
History and Lore
The concept of linking gemstones to specific periods originates in biblical times, specifically with the twelve gemstones adorning the breastplate of Aaron, representing the twelve tribes of Israel. Over time, connections were drawn between these stones and the signs of the zodiac, with the belief that each gem offered unique powers during its corresponding astrological period. Early practices involved collecting all twelve gems to benefit from their combined energies throughout the year. However, the modern practice of assigning a single gemstone to each birth month evolved between the 16th and 18th centuries, originating in Poland. The formalisation of this list in the UK and the United States occurred in the early 20th century, with the National Association of Jewelers in the USA defining a modern list in 1912. The American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) further refined the list in 2002, adding Tanzanite as an additional birthstone for December.
Birthstone jewellery in the UK is considered more than a fashion statement; it’s a personal keepsake, a sentimental gift for birthdays, weddings, or the arrival of a new child. The practice of gifting birthstone jewellery is a longstanding tradition, offering a unique and thoughtful present.
Birthstones by Month
The following outlines the birthstones associated with each month in the UK, based on available information:
January: Garnet
Garnet, a deep red gemstone, is linked to those born in January. Revered as a stone of prosperity and good health, it symbolises strong bonds and enduring friendship. Garnets are considered trustworthy and loyal.
February: Amethyst
February’s birthstone, Amethyst, is a member of the quartz family. It represents peace, courage, and stability, and has historically been valued by royalty for its rich purple tones and regal qualities. Amethyst is associated with peaceful and spiritual individuals.
March: Aquamarine
Aquamarine, with its mesmerising aquatic tones, is associated with March and is believed to calm and restore. It is considered a talisman of peace and serenity, representing bravery and kindness.
April: Diamond
Diamond, a universally recognised symbol of strength and eternal love, is the birthstone for April.
May: Emerald
Emerald, a vibrant green gemstone, represents rebirth and prosperity and is associated with caring and creative personalities.
June: Pearl / Alexandrite
June boasts two birthstones: Pearl and Alexandrite. Pearl symbolises purity and balance, while Alexandrite is known for its colour-changing abilities. Individuals born in June are often described as graceful and balanced.
July: Ruby
Ruby, a passionate and vibrant red gemstone, is the birthstone for July. It embodies passion and vitality and is associated with confident and assertive individuals.
August: Peridot / Spinel
August has two birthstones: Peridot and Spinel. Peridot, a light green gemstone, represents happiness and protection.
September: Sapphire
Sapphire, most commonly known for its deep blue variety, is the birthstone for September. Sapphires are one of the four precious gemstones, alongside diamonds, rubies, and emeralds, and are prized for their durability and beauty. They represent intelligence and dependability. Sapphires can also appear in a rainbow of colours.
October: Tourmaline / Opal
October offers a choice between Tourmaline and Opal. Both gemstones are associated with creativity and charm.
November: Topaz / Citrine
November’s birthstones are Topaz and Citrine, representing kindness and warmth.
December: Tanzanite / Zircon / Turquoise
December has three birthstones: Tanzanite, Zircon, and Turquoise. Zircon is known for its colourless variety but also appears in blue and other colours. Tanzanite and Turquoise are also blue stones. Individuals born in December are often described as happy and honest.
Gemological Properties
While a comprehensive overview of the gemological properties of each birthstone is limited by the provided sources, some key characteristics can be noted. Sapphires and rubies, both belonging to the corundum family, rank 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness, second only to diamonds. This high hardness contributes to their durability and suitability for jewellery. Aquamarine, a variety of beryl, is also known for its clarity and pleasing colour. Diamonds are renowned for their exceptional hardness and brilliance. Garnets, while varying in composition, generally exhibit good hardness and a rich colour.
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness | Colour(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Diamond | 10 | Clear |
| Ruby/Sapphire | 9 | Red/Blue (and various others) |
| Emerald | 7.5-8 | Green |
| Garnet | 6.5-7.5 | Deep Red |
| Amethyst | 7 | Purple |
| Aquamarine | 7.5-8 | Pale Blue |
| Pearl | 2.5-4.5 | White |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, birthstones have been attributed with various metaphysical properties and symbolic meanings. Garnet is believed to offer protection and foster friendship. Amethyst is associated with peace and clarity. Aquamarine is thought to promote courage and calm. Diamonds symbolise strength and enduring love. Emeralds represent rebirth and prosperity. Rubies embody passion and vitality. Sapphires are linked to wisdom and loyalty. These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, contribute to the enduring appeal of birthstone jewellery.
Care and Cleaning
The appropriate care for birthstone jewellery depends on the gemstone's hardness and composition. Diamonds, being the hardest gemstone, are relatively durable but should still be protected from scratches and harsh chemicals. Sapphires and rubies, also hard and durable, can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Pearls, being softer, require gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soap. Garnets, amethysts, and aquamarines can also be cleaned with warm soapy water, but avoid ultrasonic cleaners.
Conclusion
Birthstones represent a fascinating intersection of history, geology, and cultural belief. In the UK, the tradition of associating gemstones with birth months continues to thrive, offering a personalised and meaningful way to celebrate life’s milestones. From the protective qualities of Garnet to the enduring strength of Diamond, each birthstone carries a unique symbolism and aesthetic appeal, making them cherished possessions for generations. The enduring popularity of birthstone jewellery underscores the human desire for connection, meaning, and beauty in the natural world.