Peridot, a vibrant green gemstone, holds the distinction of being a primary birthstone for August, alongside spinel and sardonyx. Its history is rich and often intertwined with misidentification, having been historically confused with emeralds and topaz. Formed in extreme conditions – both within the Earth’s mantle and even arriving via meteorites – peridot possesses a unique origin story and a captivating lore that spans millennia. This article will delve into the geological formation, historical significance, gemological properties, and cultural beliefs surrounding this fascinating gem.
History and Lore
The story of peridot is one of mistaken identity and enduring fascination. Ancient civilizations often struggled to differentiate peridot from other green gemstones, particularly emeralds and topaz. Sources indicate that the island of Topazios in the Red Sea, from which the gem “topaz” was believed to originate, actually yielded significant quantities of peridot. This historical confusion led to peridot being referred to as “topaz” by scholars like Pliny the Elder.
Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may, in fact, have contained a substantial amount of peridot. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems once believed to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot. This demonstrates the gem’s historical value and its frequent use in significant religious and royal artifacts.
Ancient Egyptians held peridot in high regard, believing it to be a “gem of the sun,” brought to Earth from an exploding star. They mined the stone at night, convinced it absorbed the sun’s rays and glowed in the dark. Romans, similarly, referred to it as the “evening gem” due to this perceived luminescence. In biblical times, it was known as chrysolite, derived from the Greek word for “golden stone,” and some believe it was included in the breastplate worn by Aaron, Moses’ brother.
Throughout history, peridot was thought to ward off evil spirits and protect against “terrors of the night.” Egyptians would string the gem on donkey hair and tie it around their left arm for protection, while setting it in gold was believed to amplify its powers. Priests used goblets encrusted with peridot to connect with their deities. The standardization of birthstones in 1912 officially designated peridot as the August birthstone, a recognition of its long-held significance and its connection to the warmth of summer, as August is a warm month in the Northern Hemisphere. While spinel was added as a secondary August birthstone in 2016, peridot remains the more popular choice.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem-quality transparent variety of olivine, a mineral composed of magnesium-iron silicates. Its green color arises from the presence of iron within the crystal structure, with brownish tinges indicating a higher iron content. The gem’s formation occurs under extreme conditions, primarily within the Earth’s mantle. It is carried to the surface through volcanic activity, specifically within hardened lava flows. This explains its presence in ancient lava fields in Arizona and Hawaii.
The island of Zabargad (formerly Topazios) in the Red Sea is a historically significant source of peridot, known for its harsh and desolate environment. Gem crystals are found lining fissures in the rock, and the surrounding beaches even exhibit a greenish hue due to the abundance of tiny peridot crystals.
However, Zabargad is not the only source. Peridot is also mined in Norway, Brazil, China, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Australia, Mexico, and the Mogok district of Myanmar (Burma). Notably, the San Carlos Indian Reservation in Arizona is known for producing smaller peridot stones. Perhaps most remarkably, peridot has even been discovered within meteorites, earning it the nickname “space gem.”
Gemological Properties
Peridot exhibits distinct gemological properties that contribute to its unique appeal. The color ranges from olive to lime green, with the most desirable stones displaying a vibrant, clear green hue. Some peridot stones appear greener under artificial light, earning them the nickname “evening emeralds.”
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Mineral Family | Olivine |
| Color | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow, olive |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 – 3.48 |
| Refractive Index | 1.654 – 1.689 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
Peridot’s hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale makes it relatively durable, though it is still susceptible to scratches and requires careful handling. Its specific gravity ranges from 3.34 to 3.48, and its refractive index falls between 1.654 and 1.689. These properties contribute to its characteristic brilliance and luster.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot is associated with a range of symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs. It is widely considered a stone of strength, happiness, and good fortune, believed to attract wealth and promote harmony in relationships. Its connection to light inspires clear thinking and instills a sense of peace and calm.
Historically, peridot was believed to protect against negative energies and evil spirits. Egyptians believed it held the power of the sun, while Romans thought it glowed in the dark. These ancient beliefs reflect a perception of peridot as a powerful and protective talisman. Modern interpretations continue to emphasize its ability to dispel negativity and promote emotional well-being. The stone is also believed to help individuals connect with their destiny and find a sense of purpose in life.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale, peridot requires careful handling to avoid scratches. It is best cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these can damage the stone. Wrapping peridot jewelry in a soft cloth for storage will further protect it from scratches and abrasions. Regular cleaning will help maintain its brilliance and luster.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating green birthstone of August, boasts a rich history, a unique geological origin, and a wealth of symbolic meaning. From its ancient misidentification as emerald and topaz to its modern recognition as a powerful and protective gem, peridot has captivated civilizations for millennia. Its formation in the Earth’s mantle and even within meteorites adds to its mystique, while its vibrant green hue and association with sunlight and good fortune continue to make it a cherished gemstone. Whether admired for its beauty, its historical significance, or its metaphysical properties, peridot remains a truly remarkable gem.