August boasts a fascinating array of birthstones, with peridot standing out as the modern and widely recognized gem for those born in this month. Often mistaken for other gemstones throughout history, peridot possesses a unique geological origin, a rich cultural heritage, and a vibrant green hue that has captivated civilizations for millennia. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of peridot, exploring its journey from ancient “topaz” and “emerald” to its current status as a beloved August birthstone.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history is marked by frequent misidentification. Ancient sources often referred to peridot by other gem names, most notably topaz and emerald. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, now known as Zabargad, was believed to be the source of “topaz,” but in reality, yielded peridot. This historical confusion is noted by scholars like George Frederick Kuntz, who observed that the “topaz of the ancients was usually our chrysolite, or peridot.”
The gem’s history extends back over 4,000 years, with evidence of its use in ancient Egypt. Egyptians referred to peridot as the “gem of the sun,” believing it was formed from solidified sunlight and mined at night to harness its radiant energy. They used it in elaborate jewelry and religious artifacts, and priests utilized goblets encrusted with peridot to connect with their deities.
The Romans, too, held peridot in high regard, calling it the “evening gem” due to its perceived ability to glow in the dark. It was believed to ward off terrors of the night, and was sometimes strung on donkey hair and worn around the left arm for protection. Setting the stone in gold was thought to amplify its protective powers.
Biblical references suggest peridot, then known as chrysolite (from the Greek chrysolithos, meaning “golden stone”), was used in the breastplate worn by Aaron, Moses’ brother. Throughout history, peridot symbolized strength and was used as a protective amulet against nightmares, evil, and enchantments. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have largely consisted of peridot.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is the gem variety of the mineral olivine, a silicate composed of magnesium and iron. Its formation occurs under extreme conditions, primarily within the Earth’s mantle. Peridot can be brought to the surface through volcanic activity, found in hardened lava flows that carried it from deep within the Earth. Remarkably, peridot has also been discovered in meteorites, earning it the nickname “space gem.”
While historically sourced from the Red Sea island of Topazios (Zabargad), significant deposits have been found in other locations. Recent discoveries in the American Southwest have made peridot jewelry more accessible. Other sources include Myanmar (Burma), Brazil, Vietnam, Pakistan, and South Africa.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is characterized by its distinctive yellowish-green to greenish-yellow color. While shades can range to brown, the light green or lime green variety is most popular. Its color is due to the presence of iron within its chemical composition.
Here's a summary of peridot’s key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Refractive Index | 1.653 - 1.683 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 - 3.48 |
Peridot’s hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale makes it relatively durable, though it is susceptible to scratching and requires careful handling. Its refractive index contributes to its brilliance and sparkle. Throughout history, peridot has often been confused with other gems like topaz and emerald due to similarities in color.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot is associated with a variety of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. It is believed to bring happiness and a sense of one’s destiny in life. The gem is thought to promote responsibility, encouraging individuals to take ownership of their actions and learn from their mistakes.
Ancient Egyptians believed peridot possessed healing properties and protected against evil spirits. Modern practitioners of crystal healing associate peridot with the solar plexus chakra, believing it enhances vitality and promotes courage. It is also considered a stone of forgiveness, particularly helpful for those who struggle with admitting errors. Some believe peridot can help manifest dreams and connect individuals with their guardians, fostering self-respect, willpower, and creativity.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale, peridot requires careful handling to avoid scratches. It is best to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to harsh chemicals.
Cleaning peridot is relatively straightforward. Warm, soapy water and a soft brush are generally sufficient to remove dirt and grime. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Rinse thoroughly with clean water and dry with a soft cloth. Regular cleaning will help maintain peridot’s brilliance and luster.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating green birthstone of August, boasts a history steeped in misidentification, ancient lore, and unique geological origins. From its association with the sun in ancient Egypt to its modern recognition as a symbol of happiness and destiny, peridot continues to enchant and inspire. Its vibrant color, coupled with its relatively accessible price point, makes it a popular choice for jewelry and a meaningful gift for those born in the eighth month of the year. The gem’s journey from the depths of the Earth’s mantle and even outer space to adorn the fingers and necks of people around the world solidifies its place as a truly remarkable and enduring gemstone.