August boasts a remarkable selection of birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While peridot is most commonly recognized as the modern August birthstone, sardonyx holds historical significance as the original choice, and spinel was a more recent addition to the list in 2016. These three gemstones each possess unique histories, geological origins, and symbolic meanings, offering a diverse range of options for those born in this summer month. This article will explore the origins, properties, and lore surrounding these captivating gems.
History and Lore
The history of August birthstones is complex, marked by shifting identifications and evolving traditions. Sardonyx holds the longest claim to the month, with references dating back over 4,000 years. It was featured in the high priest’s breastplate and among the foundation stones of Jerusalem, signifying its importance in ancient times. However, historical texts often used the name “topaz” to refer to what is now known as peridot, creating a long-standing confusion in gemological records. Ancient scholars, including Pliny the Elder, frequently described peridot under the name “topaz,” and Cleopatra was believed to have adorned herself with peridot, mistakenly called emeralds.
Peridot’s recognition as a distinct gem grew over time, becoming a favored stone in various cultures. In Ancient Egypt, it was known as the “Gem of the Sun,” believed to ward off evil spirits. Hawaiian mythology associates peridot with the tears of the volcanic goddess Pele. The island of Topazios, now Zabargad, in the Red Sea was a significant source of peridot, ironically leading to the misnomer of the November birthstone.
Spinel is the newest addition to the August birthstone family, officially recognized in 2016 by the Jewelers of America and the American Gem Trade Association. For centuries, red spinel was often mistaken for ruby, a gem with which it shares a similar appearance. It wasn’t until the 19th century that spinel was definitively classified as a separate mineral species. This relatively recent distinction explains its late inclusion in the list of traditional natal gems.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of these August birthstones originates through distinct geological processes and is found in specific locations around the globe. Peridot, a variety of the mineral olivine, is formed deep within the Earth’s mantle and brought to the surface through volcanic activity. It can also be found in meteorites, offering a truly extraterrestrial origin for some specimens. Significant sources of peridot include Egypt, Pakistan, China, and the United States, with recent discoveries in the American Southwest increasing its accessibility.
Sardonyx is a banded variety of chalcedony, a form of silica. It forms in layered deposits within volcanic lava flows, creating its distinctive stripes of red and white or reddish-brown and white. Historically, sources included India and the Middle East, but today it is also found in Brazil, Madagascar, and other locations.
Spinels form in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits. They are often found alongside rubies and sapphires, contributing to the historical confusion between spinel and ruby. Important sources of spinel include Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and Tajikistan.
Gemological Properties
The three August birthstones differ significantly in their gemological properties, contributing to their unique appearances and characteristics.
Peridot is known for its vibrant green to yellow-green color, caused by iron content within the olivine structure. Its hardness ranges from 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but susceptible to scratching.
Sardonyx is a variety of chalcedony with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. Its defining characteristic is its banded appearance, typically featuring layers of red-brown and white. The color is due to iron oxide impurities.
Spinel exhibits a wider range of colors than peridot or sardonyx, including red, pink, blue, purple, and black. Its hardness is 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone suitable for various jewelry applications.
Here's a table summarizing the key properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color | Hardness (Mohs) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ | Bright green to yellow-green | 6.5 - 7 |
| Sardonyx | SiO₂ | Banded red-brown and white | 6.5 - 7 |
| Spinel | MgAl₂O₄ | Red, pink, blue, purple, black | 8 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these August birthstones has been attributed with specific symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Peridot is often associated with happiness, prosperity, and strength. It is believed to promote self-confidence, attract positive energy, and protect against negativity. Some traditions suggest peridot aids in manifesting dreams and forgiving oneself and others.
Sardonyx is considered a protective stone, radiating positive energy and enhancing confidence, optimism, and joy. It is believed to promote courage, stamina, and vitality.
Spinel is associated with revitalization, passion, and protection. It is thought to encourage physical and emotional healing, inspire creativity, and shield against negative energies. Red spinel, in particular, is believed to stimulate the root chakra, grounding and energizing the wearer. Alexandrite, a variety of spinel, is linked to connecting with one’s guardians and building self-respect, willpower, and creativity.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these August birthstones. Peridot, with a hardness of 6.5-7, requires gentle handling to avoid scratches. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals. Sardonyx, also with a hardness of 6.5-7, can be cleaned similarly. Spinel, being the hardest of the three at 8 on the Mohs scale, is more durable but still benefits from gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid abrasive cleaners and sudden temperature changes.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent a rich tapestry of history, geology, and symbolism. From the ancient origins of sardonyx to the modern recognition of spinel and the enduring appeal of peridot, these gems offer a diverse range of choices for those seeking a meaningful connection to their birth month. Each stone possesses unique properties and lore, making them treasured additions to any jewelry collection and potent symbols of the qualities they represent.