December is a month celebrated with festivity and joy, a spirit reflected in its not one, but three remarkable birthstones: tanzanite, zircon, and turquoise. Each gem holds a unique position in gemology, distinguished by distinct characteristics and cultural significance that enhance its allure. These gemstones offer a diverse range of colors and histories, making December one of the most versatile months for birthstone jewelry.
History and Lore
The association of specific gemstones with months of the year has evolved over time. Modern birthstone lists, as seen today, draw from both traditional and more recent additions. While some traditional gems like turquoise remain popular due to their accessibility and lower cost, newer discoveries like tanzanite have quickly gained prominence. The practice of assigning gemstones to specific months likely originated with the breastplate of Aaron, described in the Book of Exodus, which contained twelve gemstones representing the tribes of Israel. Over centuries, different cultures and traditions adapted this concept, leading to the varied birthstone charts we see today.
Turquoise, in particular, boasts a long and rich history. It has been treasured for millennia, especially within Native American cultures, notably among the Navajo, Pueblo, and Zuni tribes. It was not merely considered a beautiful adornment but a powerful amulet or talisman, frequently incorporated into sterling silver jewelry. The other December birthstones, zircon and tanzanite, have more recent histories of recognition, though zircon has been known and utilized as a gemstone for a considerable period. Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, discovered relatively recently in 1967.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these December birthstones are geographically diverse. Tanzanite is exclusively mined in Tanzania, near the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro. This limited source contributes significantly to its rarity and value. Zircon, while found in various locations globally, does not have a single dominant source specified in available information. Turquoise, however, is strongly linked to the southwestern United States and Native American cultures, though it is also found in other parts of the world.
The formation of these gems differs significantly. Tanzanite’s vivid blue and violet hues are a result of the mineral zoisite and its unique geological conditions during formation. Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, forming in arid regions through a process of weathering and secondary enrichment of copper-bearing rocks. Zircon forms in igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks, often as a byproduct of magma crystallization.
Gemological Properties
Each of these December birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties. Tanzanite is prized for its pleochroism, meaning it displays different colors when viewed from different angles. Its color ranges from deep blue to violet, and it is typically found in a variety of cuts to maximize its brilliance. Zircon exhibits a high refractive index, contributing to its exceptional sparkle and ability to mimic diamonds, particularly in its colorless form, sometimes referred to as “zirconium oxide.” Turquoise, being an opaque gemstone, is evaluated based on its color, which ranges from sky blue to greenish-blue, and its matrix—the veining of other minerals within the stone.
A comparison of hardness, measured on the Mohs scale, is as follows:
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Tanzanite | 6.5 - 7 |
| Zircon | 6.5 - 7.5 |
| Turquoise | 5 - 6 |
This variation in hardness impacts the durability and care requirements of each stone. Turquoise, being the softest, requires more careful handling and protection from scratches.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise, deeply rooted in Native American traditions, is considered a protective talisman, believed to bring good fortune and ward off negative energy. It is often associated with healing and spiritual grounding.
While specific metaphysical beliefs surrounding tanzanite and zircon are less detailed in the provided sources, both are associated with positive energies. Tanzanite is sometimes linked to transformation and spiritual awareness, while zircon is believed to promote wisdom and prosperity. Blue topaz, also listed as a December birthstone, is valued for its calming qualities.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of December birthstones. Given its relative softness, turquoise is susceptible to scratches and should be stored separately from harder gemstones. Cleaning turquoise involves using only mild soap and warm water, avoiding harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners. Tanzanite and zircon, with their higher hardness, can withstand more rigorous cleaning, but it is still advisable to avoid abrasive materials and harsh chemicals. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is recommended. Regular professional inspection and cleaning can help preserve the brilliance and integrity of these gemstones.
The Expanding List of December Birthstones
The modern birthstone chart continues to evolve, with additions like spinel, citrine, and tanzanite offering more choices for those seeking a gemstone that resonates with them. In the United States, individuals often select from both traditional and modern lists, prioritizing personal preference and aesthetic appeal. The availability and cost of gemstones also influence choices, with traditional stones like turquoise remaining popular options.
Key Takeaways
December’s birthstones—tanzanite, zircon, and turquoise—represent a captivating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. Tanzanite, the violet jewel of East Africa, offers rarity and intrigue. Zircon dazzles with its brilliance and spectrum of colors. Turquoise embodies ancient traditions and protective powers. Each stone provides a unique connection to the spirit of December, offering a meaningful and beautiful adornment for those born in this wintry month. Careful maintenance, including gentle cleaning and proper storage, will ensure that these gemstones continue to sparkle for generations.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—blue topaz, turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite—offer a breathtaking array of colors, histories, and meanings. From the tranquil blues of blue topaz and zircon to the earthy elegance of turquoise and the velvety allure of tanzanite, these gemstones embody the beauty and spirit of December. Each stone has its unique charm, whether it’s the calming energy of blue topaz, the ancient protective powers of turquoise, the fiery brilliance of zircon, or the transformative symbolism of tanzanite. These birthstones are more than just beautiful—they are steeped in rich traditions and cultural significance, making them meaningful gifts for loved ones or personal treasures for those born in December. Their versatility allows them to shine in a variety of styles, from bold statement pieces to delicate everyday jewelry.