The world of gemstones offers a captivating array of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. Among these treasures, certain stones have come to be associated with specific months, becoming known as birthstones. This article delves into the fascinating realm of birthstones, with a particular focus on the diverse options for December – Zircon, Tanzanite, and Turquoise – and the vibrant gemstone Tourmaline, celebrated as the birthstone for October. We will explore their geological origins, gemological properties, historical significance, and the lore surrounding these captivating gems.
A History of Monthly Associations
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months has evolved over time. Originally, zodiac signs were linked to gemstones, a practice stemming from ancient and medieval astrological beliefs that connected the heavens to earthly matters. These “zodiac stones” were considered a direct reflection of the stars and were thought to influence personality and fortune. While initially, zodiac stones and birthstones were synonymous, the modern practice of assigning a single gemstone to each month emerged more recently, often influenced by jewelry market trends and cultural preferences.
December’s Trio: Zircon, Tanzanite, and Turquoise
December boasts not one, but three recognized birthstones: Zircon, Tanzanite, and Turquoise. Each possesses unique characteristics and a distinct history. Zircon, often mistaken for a diamond due to its brilliance, is available in a wide spectrum of colors, including red, orange, brown, yellow, green, and blue. Historically, blue Zircon has been the traditional December stone, though it is increasingly replaced by blue Topaz in modern jewelry. Zircon’s hardness ranges from six to seven and a half on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear with proper care, often achieved through heat treatment to enhance color.
Tanzanite, a more recent addition to the December birthstone family – officially recognized in 2002 – gained prominence through the marketing efforts of Tiffany & Co., who recognized its international appeal. Discovered in Tanzania, from which it derives its name, Tanzanite is mined exclusively in the Merelani Hills. This gem exhibits high clarity and vivid colors, and is often gifted to celebrate a 24th wedding anniversary. Its hardness is rated at six to seven, making it best suited for earrings or pendants.
Tourmaline: A Rainbow in Stone
Tourmaline stands out as a remarkably versatile gemstone, celebrated for its dazzling array of colors, often resembling a rainbow within a single crystal. The name “Tourmaline” originates from the Sinhalese words Tura mali, meaning “a stone with mixed colors.” While available in numerous hues, the rosy, pink-hued tourmaline is particularly popular and is recognized as the birthstone for October. This gem is believed to bestow artistic prowess and heightened emotional receptiveness upon its wearer.
Tourmaline typically forms in long, hexagonal pencil-shaped crystals. Rings featuring pink tourmaline as the center stone are considered particularly resplendent. Historically, Brazil has been a primary source of Tourmaline, but significant deposits are also found in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kenya, Madagascar, California, and Maine. With a hardness of seven to seven and a half, Tourmaline is durable enough for everyday jewelry wear.
Geological Origins and Global Sources
The formation of these gemstones is a testament to the Earth’s geological processes. Rubies, for example, are sourced from Vietnam, Mozambique, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar, and are formed under specific metamorphic conditions. Peridot, known for its greenish-yellow to yellowish-green color, originates from the U.S., Pakistan, Vietnam, Tanzania, Myanmar, and China. Spinel, available in a wide range of colors, is mined in Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Myanmar, Tajikistan, and Tanzania.
Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Ethiopia are the primary sources of Opal, while Tourmaline is predominantly mined in Brazil, with additional sources in Africa and the United States. Topaz is found in countries like Brazil, Mexico, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and the U.S. Garnet, with its deep red hue, is sourced from Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Brazil, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
Understanding the gemological properties of these stones is crucial for both enthusiasts and jewelers. Hardness, measured on the Mohs scale, is a key indicator of a gemstone’s durability. Diamond, the hardest known natural substance, registers a nine, closely followed by Ruby. Tourmaline and Zircon both range from seven to seven and a half, making them suitable for everyday wear. Tanzanite has a hardness of six to seven, while Opal is softer, with a hardness of five to six and a half, requiring careful handling.
The following table summarizes the key gemological properties of the discussed gemstones:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Notable Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zircon | Zirconium Silicate | 6 - 7.5 | Red, Orange, Brown, Yellow, Green, Blue | Brilliance, often heat-treated for color variation |
| Tanzanite | Calcium Vanadium Silicate | 6 - 7 | Vivid Blues and Violets | High clarity, found exclusively in Tanzania |
| Tourmaline | Complex Borosilicate | 7 - 7.5 | Wide range, including Pink, Green, Blue | Pleochroism (displays different colors from angles) |
| Opal | Hydrated Silica | 5 - 6.5 | Variable, often iridescent | “Play-of-color” – shifting color patterns |
| Topaz | Aluminum Silicate | 8 | Blue, Orange, Yellow, Pink, Violet, Brown | Associated with beauty and longevity |
| Garnet | Various Silicates | 6.5 - 7.5 | Deep Red, but also other colors | Resembles a pomegranate seed |
Symbolism and Lore: Ancient Beliefs and Modern Interpretations
Throughout history, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meanings and believed to possess various powers. Peridot, for example, was used for centuries as a protective talisman. Bloodstone, also known as heliotrope, was linked to religious beliefs, with its red spots believed to represent the blood of Christ. Spinel was thought to cure blood loss and inflammatory diseases, and promote harmony. Diamonds were claimed to have healing powers and the ability to provide beauty, happiness, strength, and longevity.
Garnet, representing fertility and rebirth, is believed to open doors to new opportunities and wisdom. Amethyst is valued for its association with truth, purity, and hope. Tourmaline, particularly the pink variety, embodies love, compassion, and gentleness. These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, contribute to the enduring appeal and cultural significance of these gemstones.
Care and Cleaning: Preserving the Beauty
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these gemstones. Zircon, with its moderate hardness, requires careful handling. Opal, being relatively soft, should be cleaned gently with soapy water to prevent damage. Bloodstone should be protected from high temperatures and stored in a soft fabric to avoid scratches. Diamonds, while exceptionally durable, can still accumulate dirt and oils, requiring regular cleaning. Tourmaline, with its good hardness, can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush.
Conclusion
From the vibrant hues of Tourmaline to the diverse options for December’s birthstones – Zircon, Tanzanite, and Turquoise – these gemstones represent a captivating blend of geological wonder, historical significance, and cultural lore. Their unique properties, symbolic meanings, and enduring beauty continue to fascinate and inspire, making them cherished treasures for generations to come. Understanding their origins, characteristics, and proper care allows us to appreciate these gifts from the Earth to their fullest extent.