September boasts not one, but two recognized birthstones: the esteemed sapphire and the ancient lapis lazuli. While sapphire is widely considered the primary September birthstone, lapis lazuli holds a significant place as a traditional alternative, offering a rich history and unique aesthetic appeal. Both gemstones have captivated civilizations for millennia, imbued with symbolism and believed to possess various powers. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of these captivating September birthstones.
History and Lore
Sapphires have a long and storied past, deeply interwoven with human history and belief. Ancient Persians held a remarkable view of the world, believing it rested upon a single, colossal sapphire, and attributed the blue color of the sky to its reflection. This reverence for the gemstone extended to other cultures; Buddhists believed sapphires promoted inner peace, while in Islam, the seven heavens were thought to shine with these precious stones. The Ten Commandments are even legendarily said to have been inscribed on tablets of sapphire, highlighting the stone’s association with strength and divine law.
Lapis lazuli’s history is equally impressive, dating back to antiquity. It was highly valued by ancient cultures for its striking blue color and was used not only as a gemstone but also as a sculpting material, pigment, and ornamental element. In ancient Egypt, lapis lazuli was powdered and worn around the eyes, believed to enhance eyesight. It was associated with royalty, wisdom, and truth, symbolizing power and honor.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires belong to the corundum family, a crystalline form of aluminum oxide. The presence of trace elements, such as iron and titanium, creates the characteristic blue hues, though sapphires can occur in a spectrum of colors – excluding red, which is classified as ruby. The sources for sapphires are diverse, with significant deposits found globally.
Lapis lazuli, unlike sapphire, is not a single mineral but a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, along with calcite and pyrite. The lazurite component is responsible for the intense blue color, while pyrite creates golden flecks and calcite introduces white intrusions. A rock must contain at least 25% blue lazurite to be classified as lapis lazuli.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are renowned for their hardness, registering a 9 on the Mohs scale, making them exceptionally durable and suitable for everyday wear. Their color is evaluated based on hue, tone, and saturation, with the most desirable sapphires exhibiting a vivid, intense blue. Sapphires can be found in a variety of cuts and carat weights, with blue sapphires being the most abundant and affordable of the “Big Three” – sapphire, ruby, and emerald. “Fancy colored” sapphires, such as purple or green, are explicitly identified by their hue.
Lapis lazuli, being a rock rather than a single mineral, possesses different properties. It is considerably softer than sapphire, with a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, making it more susceptible to scratching. It is typically opaque, though some specimens may exhibit translucency. The presence of pyrite and calcite within the lapis lazuli matrix contributes to its unique appearance, with gold flecks and white veining adding to its character. Stones with gold flecks and no white flecks are generally more valuable.
The following table summarizes the key gemological properties:
| Property | Sapphire | Lapis Lazuli |
|---|---|---|
| Mineral/Rock | Corundum | Metamorphic Rock |
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ | (Lazurite, Calcite, Pyrite) |
| Mohs Hardness | 9 | 5-6 |
| Color | Primarily Blue, various | Deep Blue with gold & white inclusions |
| Transparency | Transparent to Translucent | Opaque to Translucent |
| Luster | Vitreous | Vitreous to Dull |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both sapphires and lapis lazuli have been attributed with symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Sapphire is often associated with wisdom, loyalty, and nobility. Blue, the predominant color of sapphire, represents thoughtful journeys, strength, trust, unity, and command.
Lapis lazuli, similarly, carries profound symbolism. It has been linked to strength, courage, royalty, and wisdom. Ancient beliefs held that wearing lapis lazuli would ward off evil and enhance eyesight. It is considered a stone of truth and is believed to promote communication and self-expression. The stone’s rich blue color is also associated with the sky and the heavens, fostering a sense of spiritual connection.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their differing hardness levels, sapphires and lapis lazuli require different care routines. Sapphires, being exceptionally durable, can withstand regular wear and cleaning. They can be safely cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
Lapis lazuli, being softer, requires more gentle handling. It should be cleaned with a soft brush and mild soap, but should not be left to soak in water. Harsh cleaning methods, such as steam or ultrasonic cleaners, and chemical solvents should be avoided, as they can damage the stone.
When pairing lapis lazuli jewelry, it complements purple or turquoise colors well. For a more striking look, red or orange can be used. Its versatility allows it to be worn with both silver and gold, as well as neutral colors. Lapis lazuli is also considered a suitable choice for men’s jewelry due to the popularity of the color blue.
Conclusion
Sapphire and lapis lazuli, the birthstones of September, represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. Sapphire, with its exceptional durability and vibrant hues, has long been revered as a gemstone of royalty and wisdom. Lapis lazuli, with its ancient origins and striking blue color, embodies strength, truth, and spiritual connection. Whether one chooses the classic elegance of sapphire or the timeless allure of lapis lazuli, these September birthstones offer a meaningful and beautiful way to celebrate a special occasion or simply appreciate the wonders of the natural world.