June is a unique month in the world of birthstones, as it is one of the few months associated with three gemstones: pearl, moonstone, and alexandrite. Each of these gems carries its own distinct beauty and rich symbolism, spanning centuries of cultural, spiritual, and even scientific significance. These stones are not only valued for their aesthetic appeal but also for the meanings they embody—ranging from emotional harmony and intuition to transformation and divine purity.
This article explores the origins, properties, and symbolism of these June birthstones, drawing on historical, geological, and cultural sources, particularly from the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) and related institutions. From the soft luster of pearls to the magical color-changing quality of alexandrite and the ethereal glow of moonstone, June’s birthstones offer a fascinating window into both the science and soul of gemology.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones is deeply rooted in ancient history. According to the SOURCES, the concept of birthstones dates back to the Antiquity, with the 12 gems that adorned the breastplate of Aaron, the priest of the Ark of the Covenant, as its earliest reference. These gems were believed to represent the 12 tribes of Israel and were associated with zodiac signs.
As time passed, the zodiac associations were replaced by the months of the year, and the first official list of birthstones was published in 1912 by the American Gem Society (AGS). The list has since been updated over the decades, with new gemstones added to reflect discoveries and changing cultural preferences. For example, alexandrite was officially recognized as a June birthstone in 1952, and tanzanite was added in 2002. The most recent addition, spinel, was included in 2016. While this article focuses on June’s traditional birthstones, it is worth noting how the practice of birthstones has evolved over time.
The June birthstones—pearl, moonstone, and alexandrite—have each played a significant role in mythology, art, and even scientific discovery. Pearls, for instance, have long been associated with feminine divinity, particularly Venus, the Roman goddess of love and beauty. In Hindu mythology, moonstone is believed to be made of solidified moonbeams, and it has long been linked to love, fertility, and emotional balance. Meanwhile, alexandrite—named after Tsar Alexander II of Russia—is known for its remarkable color change, which has made it a symbol of transformation and adaptability.
Geological Formation and Sources
Pearl: The Organic Gemstone
Unlike most gemstones, which are formed from minerals or crystals, pearls are organic gems that form within mollusks, such as oysters and mussels. The process of pearl formation begins when a foreign object, such as a grain of sand, enters the shell of a mollusk. In response, the mollusk secretes layers of nacre (calcium carbonate and conchiolin) to coat the irritant. Over time, these layers build up to form a pearl.
There are two main types of pearls: natural pearls and cultured pearls. Natural pearls are extremely rare and occur without human intervention. Cultured pearls, on the other hand, are formed when a small bead or tissue is inserted into the mollusk to encourage pearl formation. This technique was pioneered in the early 20th century and has made pearls more widely available.
Pearls are found in various parts of the world, including Japan, China, Indonesia, Australia, and the United States (particularly in Mississippi and the Gulf Coast). The SOURCES note that pearls are available in a variety of colors, beyond the traditional white and cream—ranging from pink, lavender, black, and even green.
Moonstone: The Feldspar with a Magical Glow
Moonstone is a type of feldspar mineral known for its adularescence—a phenomenon where a soft, billowing light appears to float across the surface of the stone. This effect is caused by layers of orthoclase and albite within the stone, which scatter light in a way that creates a luminous, ethereal glow. The finest moonstones display a blue sheen against a colorless background.
Moonstone is a June birthstone and has been revered for its spiritual and emotional properties. In Roman and Greek mythology, it was associated with lunar deities, such as Luna and Selene, and in Hindu mythology, it was believed to be solidified moonbeams.
Geologically, moonstone is found in a number of locations around the world, including:
- India (particularly Maharashtra)
- Sri Lanka
- Brazil
- Myanmar
- Madagascar
- Tanzania
- United States (especially North Carolina and New Mexico)
Despite its widespread distribution, fine-quality moonstone—especially those with a strong blue sheen and clear background—remains rare and highly valued.
Alexandrite: The Chameleon of Gems
Alexandrite is one of the most unique and captivating gemstones in the world. It is known for its remarkable color change, shifting from green in daylight to red under artificial light. This phenomenon is due to the presence of chromium in the crystal structure, which absorbs and reflects light differently under varying conditions.
Discovered in the 1830s in the Ural Mountains of Russia, alexandrite was named in honor of Tsar Alexander II. It was said that the stone changed color to match the colors of the Russian Imperial flag—green for the army and red for the navy—on the day of the Tsar’s 16th birthday. This event made the stone highly symbolic and deeply cherished in Russian culture.
Alexandrite is a beryl mineral, and like other beryls, it can form large crystals, though fine-quality alexandrite is exceptionally rare. Today, the stone is also found in Sri Lanka, East Africa, and Brazil, but the SOURCES note that high-quality alexandrite remains a rare find.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Transparency | Refractive Index | Special Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pearl | Calcium carbonate, conchiolin | White, pink, black, etc. | 2.5–4.5 | Opaque | N/A | Organic, nacreous luster |
| Moonstone | Orthoclase and albite | Colorless, white, blue sheen | 6–6.5 | Translucent | 1.52–1.53 | Adularescence (billowing light effect) |
| Alexandrite | Beryl with chromium | Green (daylight), red (artificial light) | 8.5 | Transparent | 1.74–1.75 | Color change effect |
Pearl
- Hardness: 2.5–4.5 on the Mohs scale (relatively soft)
- Color: Available in white, pink, black, and other hues
- Transparency: Opaque to translucent, depending on the type
- Formation: Organic, formed within mollusks over time
- Special Properties: Known for its nacreous luster and organic origin
Moonstone
- Hardness: 6–6.5 on the Mohs scale
- Color: Colorless with a blue sheen
- Transparency: Translucent
- Special Properties: Adularescence—a glowing, billowing light effect
Alexandrite
- Hardness: 8.5 on the Mohs scale
- Color: Green (daylight), red (artificial light)
- Transparency: Transparent
- Special Properties: Color change effect due to chromium absorption
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The June birthstones are rich in symbolism and spiritual significance, reflecting centuries of cultural and spiritual associations.
Pearl: Purity and Emotional Harmony
Pearls have long been associated with feminine purity, wisdom, and emotional balance. In ancient Rome, pearls were believed to be formed from moonlight falling into the sea, and they were considered omens of good fortune. In Hindu tradition, pearls are linked to chastity and humility, and they are often given as gifts to promote love and longevity in marriage.
In modern metaphysical practices, pearls are believed to soothe the emotions, enhance self-confidence, and promote inner peace. They are also said to amplify the energy of other stones, making them a popular choice in healing jewelry.
Moonstone: Intuition and Emotional Balance
Moonstone is often referred to as the stone of intuition and is believed to enhance emotional balance and self-awareness. In ancient Greece and Rome, it was associated with lunar deities, and it was believed to imbue the wearer with the wisdom of the moon.
In modern metaphysical practices, moonstone is used to promote calmness, balance emotions, and enhance intuition. It is also believed to support women’s health, particularly during menstruation and menopause, and is often used in fertility and emotional healing rituals.
Alexandrite: Transformation and Adaptability
Alexandrite is a symbol of transformation, adaptability, and balance. Its color-changing properties make it a powerful metaphor for change and growth. In Russian folklore, it was believed to bring good fortune and protection, especially during times of uncertainty.
In modern metaphysical practices, alexandrite is used to promote emotional resilience, creativity, and personal growth. It is also believed to enhance decision-making abilities and to support those undergoing major life changes, such as career shifts or relationship transitions.
Care and Cleaning
Each of the June birthstones requires special care due to its unique physical properties and delicate nature.
Pearl
- Hardness: 2.5–4.5 on the Mohs scale—very soft and delicate
- Care: Pearls are sensitive to chemicals, heat, and moisture, and they should be stored separately from other gemstones to avoid scratching.
- Cleaning: Gently wipe with a soft, damp cloth. Do not use ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as they can damage the nacre and reduce the luster.
- Storage: Store pearls in a soft pouch or individual compartments to prevent abrasion.
Moonstone
- Hardness: 6–6.5 on the Mohs scale—relatively soft and fragile
- Care: Moonstone is sensitive to heat and pressure, and it can crack or fracture under stress.
- Cleaning: Use warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Do not use ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as they can damage the stone.
- Storage: Store moonstone in a soft pouch or separate compartment to avoid abrasion.
Alexandrite
- Hardness: 8.5 on the Mohs scale—very durable
- Care: Alexandrite is relatively tough but should be handled carefully, especially when worn in rings or other jewelry that is subject to impact.
- Cleaning: Use warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and excessive heat.
- Storage: Store in a secure, padded compartment to prevent damage.
Conclusion
The June birthstones—pearl, moonstone, and alexandrite—offer a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and scientific wonder. From the organic beauty of pearls, to the ethereal glow of moonstone, and the fascinating color change of alexandrite, each gemstone carries a unique story and significance.
These stones have been cherished for centuries in jewelry, art, and spiritual practices, and they continue to capture the imagination of gemstone lovers around the world. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, spiritual meaning, or scientific rarity, June’s birthstones are a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones and their deep connection to human history and emotion.
Understanding the properties, origins, and meanings of these stones allows for a deeper appreciation of their beauty and significance, making them not only ornamental treasures but also meaningful symbols of transformation, intuition, and emotional balance.