The world of gemstones offers a captivating array of colors and histories, and among the most cherished are those designated as birthstones. These stones, believed to hold special significance for those born in their respective months, have been treasured for millennia. This article delves into the unique characteristics, histories, and symbolism of two prominent birthstones: aquamarine, the gem of March, and sapphire, the gem of September. Both stones boast a rich heritage and continue to captivate with their beauty and lore.
A History Rooted in Tradition
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back to ancient times, with origins potentially stemming from the Breastplate of Aaron, described in the Book of Exodus. This sacred garment featured twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel, a connection later linked to the zodiac by the historian Josephus. Originally, individuals would own all twelve stones, wearing the one corresponding to the current month, believing it held heightened power during that period. Over time, this practice evolved into the modern system of dedicated birthstones. Both aquamarine and sapphire have long held places of esteem in this tradition.
Aquamarine: The Stone of the Sea
Aquamarine, the birthstone for March, derives its name from the Latin “aqua marina,” meaning “seawater.” This name aptly describes the gem’s captivating range of colors, evoking the hues of the ocean – from deep green-blue to light, slightly greenish blue. As a member of the beryl family, aquamarine is known for its exceptional hardness and glass-like luster. Faceted aquamarines are often remarkably clear, symbolizing purity of spirit and soul.
Historically, sailors and seafarers revered aquamarine as a protective talisman, believing it brought good luck and instilled fearlessness during voyages. This belief stemmed from the stone’s association with the sea and its perceived ability to calm frayed nerves, channeling the soothing qualities of ocean waves. Beyond seafaring lore, aquamarine is also considered a powerfully soothing influence on relationships, making it a fitting gift to celebrate a 19th wedding anniversary.
Sapphire: A Gem of Royalty and Fidelity
The September birthstone, sapphire, has been cherished for thousands of years. While commonly associated with the color blue, sapphire actually encompasses a rainbow of colors, all belonging to the corundum family – with ruby being the red variety. Blue sapphire, however, remains the most popular and recognizable form. The name “sapphire” originates from the Greek word “sappheiros.”
Throughout history, sapphire has been linked to royalty, romance, and the virtues of sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. Ancient Greeks and Romans believed blue sapphires protected their owners from harm and envy. During the Middle Ages, sapphire was favored by the clergy, symbolizing Heaven. Ancient Persians even held the belief that the earth rested upon a giant sapphire, which was responsible for the sky’s blue color.
Sapphire was also reputed to possess healing powers. Medieval Europeans believed it could cure plague boils and diseases of the eye, and even serve as an antidote to poison.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Look
Both aquamarine and sapphire are durable gemstones, suitable for a variety of jewelry settings. However, they differ in their specific gemological properties.
Aquamarine:
- Family: Beryl
- Color: Typically light blue to greenish-blue
- Luster: Glass-like
- Clarity: Often free from inclusions
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 7.5 – 8
- Chemical Formula: Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈
Sapphire:
- Family: Corundum
- Color: Most commonly blue, but can occur in various colors (pink, yellow, green, etc.)
- Luster: Vitreous to Adamantine
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 9
- Chemical Formula: Al₂O₃
The Mohs scale comparison demonstrates sapphire’s superior hardness, making it more resistant to scratching and abrasion than aquamarine. Both gems, however, require careful handling and proper care to maintain their brilliance.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of both aquamarine and sapphire involves relatively simple care practices. Warm, soapy water is generally safe for cleaning both stones. For sapphire, ultrasonic and steam cleaners are typically safe for untreated, heat-treated, and lattice diffusion–treated stones. However, fracture-filled or dyed sapphires should only be cleaned with a damp cloth. Aquamarine can also be safely cleaned using ultrasonic and steam cleaners.
Symbolism and Modern Interpretations
The symbolism associated with both aquamarine and sapphire continues to resonate today. Aquamarine is often seen as a symbol of youth, health, and hope, while sapphire represents wisdom, loyalty, and faith. These meanings contribute to their popularity as gifts for loved ones and as personal adornments.
Modern birthstone charts have expanded beyond traditional choices, with additions like spinel and citrine offering further options. However, both aquamarine and sapphire remain steadfast favorites, representing timeless beauty and enduring significance.
Beyond the Monthly Designation
The allure of gemstones extends beyond their association with birth months. Some traditions link gemstones to the days of the week, believing they absorb planetary energies and bestow specific qualities upon the wearer.
- Sunday: Gold Topaz
- Monday: Moonstone or Pearl
- Tuesday: Ruby or Garnet
- Wednesday: Turquoise, Sapphire, or Lapis Lazuli
- Thursday: Amethyst
- Friday: Emerald
- Saturday: Diamond
This practice allows for a more personalized connection with gemstones, offering a wider range of choices based on individual preferences and beliefs.
Conclusion
Aquamarine and sapphire, the birthstones of March and September respectively, represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From their ancient origins to their modern-day appeal, these gems continue to enchant and inspire. Aquamarine, with its serene blue hues, evokes the tranquility of the sea, while sapphire, with its regal brilliance, embodies loyalty and wisdom. Both stones stand as testaments to the enduring power and allure of the natural world, offering a timeless connection to the past and a radiant promise for the future.