July and December each boast a selection of captivating birthstones, steeped in history and symbolism. July is traditionally represented by the ruby, though onyx also holds a significant place as a birthstone for this month. December offers a trio of choices: blue zircon, blue topaz, and tanzanite, alongside the traditional stones of turquoise and lapis lazuli. This article will explore the geological origins, historical significance, gemological properties, and cultural meanings associated with these remarkable gemstones.
A Tale of Two Julys: Ruby and Onyx
For centuries, July has been linked to both ruby and onyx. While ruby has become the more widely recognized modern birthstone, designated by the Jewelers of America in 1950, onyx maintains a strong historical connection to the month. The association of onyx with July dates back to the 15th century, appearing in Jewish, Roman, and European traditions. However, the standardization efforts of the early 20th century led to ruby becoming the primary July birthstone in the United States. Despite this shift, onyx remains a popular and acknowledged alternative.
The Allure of Ruby
Ruby, celebrated for its vibrant red hue, has long been associated with passion, protection, and prosperity. The name “ruby” comes from the Latin ruber, meaning red. Historically, ruby was believed to guarantee health and good fortune.
The Enigmatic Onyx
Onyx, a striking gemstone often appearing in bands of black and white, has a rich history of its own. It was believed to protect against falling, particularly from horses, and to break at the approach of disaster. Its connection to the zodiac sign Leo, which spans part of July, further solidifies its association with the month. Onyx is appreciated for its sleek appearance and its reputation as a grounding stone, believed to absorb negative energy.
December’s Diverse Palette: Turquoise, Zircon, Tanzanite, and Blue Topaz
December is unique in offering a wider selection of birthstones: turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz. Traditionally, December was associated with turquoise and lapis lazuli, but modern lists have expanded to include zircon and the more recently discovered tanzanite. Blue topaz has also become a popular choice. Each of these gemstones possesses distinct characteristics and symbolic meanings.
Turquoise: A Stone of Protection and Good Fortune
Turquoise, a semi-translucent to opaque gem ranging from blue to green, has been cherished for millennia. Ancient Egyptians adorned themselves with turquoise, and Chinese artisans carved it over 3,000 years ago. The stone was thought to possess beneficial powers, guaranteeing health and good fortune. It was also believed to protect the wearer from physical harm, and would even break into pieces when danger approached. Hindu mystics believed that viewing turquoise after a new moon would bring wealth.
Zircon: A Rainbow of Colors
Zircon is available in a variety of colors, and is valued for its bright luster and colorful fire. It is important to note that zircon should not be confused with cubic zirconia, a synthetic diamond simulant.
Tanzanite: A Modern Marvel
Tanzanite is a relatively recent addition to the birthstone list, admired for its unique blue-to-violet hue. This gemstone is found exclusively in Tanzania.
Blue Topaz: Calm and Communication
Blue topaz, a cool and clear gemstone, is believed to soothe and calm the mind and soul. It promotes good communication, quiets chaos, and provides the wearer with a good night’s sleep. Due to its calming properties, it is often used in meditation. Blue topaz comes in varying shades, including sky blue, Swiss blue, and London blue.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Look
The gemstones associated with July and December exhibit a range of gemological properties. Both ruby and blue topaz share a Mohs hardness of 8, indicating good durability.
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color(s) | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ruby | Al₂O₃ | Red | 9 |
| Onyx | SiO₂ | Black, White banded | 6.5 - 7 |
| Blue Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | Bright Blue | 8 |
| Turquoise | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | Blue to Green | 5 - 6 |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | Blue-Violet | 6.5 - 7 |
| Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | Various | 6.5 - 7.5 |
The Mohs scale of hardness measures a mineral's resistance to scratching. A higher number indicates greater hardness. Ruby, with a hardness of 9, is exceptionally durable, while turquoise is relatively softer.
Historical Significance and Symbolism
Throughout history, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Ruby has long been associated with passion, courage, and royalty. Turquoise has been revered for its protective qualities and its connection to good fortune. Blue topaz is believed to promote communication and tranquility. Onyx has been seen as a grounding stone, offering strength and stability. Tanzanite, as a more recent discovery, is gaining recognition for its unique beauty and spiritual properties.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of these birthstones requires appropriate care. Due to its hardness, ruby is relatively durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Blue topaz, also with a hardness of 8, can be cleaned similarly. Turquoise, being softer, requires more gentle handling. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, as they can damage the stone. Onyx can be cleaned with mild soap and water, but avoid abrasive cleaners. Zircon and Tanzanite should also be cleaned with mild soap and water, avoiding harsh chemicals.
Conclusion
The birthstones associated with July and December – ruby, onyx, blue topaz, turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite – represent a diverse and captivating collection of gemstones. Each stone possesses unique geological origins, historical significance, and symbolic meanings. Whether chosen for their beauty, their perceived metaphysical properties, or their connection to a specific birth month, these gemstones continue to fascinate and inspire.