August and September each boast a rich history of birthstone symbolism, though the selections have evolved over time. August currently recognizes three birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – while September is traditionally represented by the sapphire. These gemstones each carry unique geological origins, historical significance, and cultural meanings, making them cherished additions to the world of colored stones.
A History of Designation
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month of the year dates back to ancient times, though the modern birthstone list is a relatively recent development. Originally, the association was often linked to astrological signs rather than calendar months. The modern standardization of birthstones began in 1912 with the National Association of Jewelers in the United States, aiming to provide a consistent and commercially viable system. However, even today, multiple stones are often associated with a single month, offering a wider range of choices for those seeking a meaningful gemstone. For August, sardonyx held the position as the traditional birthstone for a considerable period, while peridot gained prominence more recently. Spinel was officially added as an August birthstone in 2016, acknowledging its growing popularity and distinct qualities. September has consistently been linked to sapphire, a gem revered for centuries.
August’s Trio: Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx
August is unique in having three recognized birthstones. Peridot is generally considered the primary stone for this month, being the most widely recognized and sought after. Sardonyx represents the historical connection, and spinel offers a more recent, vibrant alternative.
Peridot: The Olive-Green Gem
Peridot is the gem variety of the mineral olivine, known for its distinctive yellowish-green to greenish-yellow hue. Its color is attributed to the presence of iron within its chemical composition, and it consistently displays this green coloration regardless of the lighting conditions. Historically, peridot was often confused with other green gems like topaz and emerald. In fact, gems believed to be emeralds adorning the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral are, in reality, peridot. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have included peridot stones sourced from the Red Sea island of Topazios, which was a significant source of this gem. Ancient Hawaiians believed peridot were the tears of the goddess Pele, brought to the surface by volcanic activity. Traditionally, peridot symbolized strength and was believed to ward off nightmares, evil, and enchantments.
Spinel: A Ruby Imposter No More
Spinel was historically mistaken for ruby and sapphire due to its similar color range and brilliance. For centuries, red spinel was often misidentified as ruby, particularly before advancements in gemological testing. However, spinel is a distinct mineral species with a different crystal structure. It is now appreciated for its own unique qualities and vibrant colors, including shades of red, blue, pink, and purple. The recognition of spinel as a separate and valuable gemstone has increased in recent years, leading to its inclusion as a modern August birthstone.
Sardonyx: A Stone of Strength
Sardonyx is a variety of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz, characterized by its banded appearance of red and white layers. It has a long history dating back over 4,000 years, with ancient Greeks and Romans utilizing it for creating cameos, seals, and amulets. Sardonyx was believed to symbolize strength, courage, and protection, and was particularly valued for its perceived ability to bring victory in battle and enhance communication skills.
September’s Sapphire: A Gem of Royalty and Faith
Sapphire, the traditional and modern birthstone for September, is best known for its captivating blue hues. However, sapphire actually occurs in a wide spectrum of colors, encompassing every shade except red – red corundum is defined as ruby. This gem has been cherished for millennia, symbolizing sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility.
History and Lore of the Sapphire
The history of sapphire is deeply intertwined with royalty, religion, and folklore. Ancient Greeks and Romans believed blue sapphires protected their owners from harm and envy. During the Middle Ages, Christian clergy wore blue sapphires as symbols of heaven, while ancient Persians believed the earth rested upon a giant sapphire, responsible for the sky’s blue color. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, sapphire was also reputed to possess healing powers, with medieval Europeans believing it could cure plague boils and eye diseases, and even serve as an antidote to poison.
Geological Origins and Characteristics
Sapphire is a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide. Its color is determined by trace elements within its crystal structure. Blue sapphires derive their color from iron and titanium, while other colors are caused by different impurities. Sapphires are known for their exceptional hardness, ranking 9 on the Mohs scale, making them durable and suitable for everyday wear.
Gemstone Availability and Popularity
Peridot is considered relatively common, though high-quality stones can be rarer. Spinel, particularly in vivid hues, can be considered rarer than peridot. Sardonyx is also fairly accessible, with variations found in many parts of the world. Sapphire, while widely available, sees variations in price and quality depending on color, clarity, and origin.
According to recent data, peridot is the most common birthstone in the United States, appearing as the most frequent birthstone in 38 states. Ruby is the most common in 11 states, while sapphire and emerald each represent the most common birthstone in one state each (Hawaii and Wyoming, respectively).
Caring for Your August and September Birthstones
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these gemstones. Peridot, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5-7, requires gentle handling to avoid scratches. Cleaning can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Spinel, with a hardness of 8, is more durable but should still be protected from harsh impacts. Sardonyx, also with a hardness of 6.5-7, should be cleaned similarly to peridot. Sapphire, with its exceptional hardness of 9, is highly durable and can withstand regular wear. However, it’s still advisable to avoid exposing it to extreme temperatures or harsh chemicals. Regular cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush will help maintain its brilliance.
Conclusion
The birthstones for August and September – peridot, spinel, sardonyx, and sapphire – represent a diverse range of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. From the olive-green hues of peridot and the vibrant shades of spinel to the banded patterns of sardonyx and the regal blue of sapphire, these gemstones offer a captivating glimpse into the world of colored stones. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, historical significance, or perceived metaphysical properties, these birthstones continue to be cherished symbols of the months in which their wearers were born.