August boasts a remarkable selection of birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – each with a unique history, geological origin, and symbolic meaning. While peridot has long been recognized as the modern August birthstone, spinel was officially added in 2016, and sardonyx holds a place as a traditional choice. This article will delve into the fascinating world of these three gemstones, exploring their origins, properties, and cultural significance as revealed by historical and gemological sources.
A History of August Birthstones
The designation of birthstones has evolved over time, with different cultures and eras assigning various gems to specific months. Originally, August was associated with sardonyx, a banded variety of chalcedony, with a history stretching back over 4,000 years. In the 20th century, peridot gained prominence as the primary August birthstone, particularly in the United States and Britain. More recently, in 2016, spinel was formally recognized as a modern alternative, offering a wider range of choices for those born in August. Earlier associations also included ruby, alexandrite, diamond, and moonstone, reflecting a broader historical range of gemstones linked to the month.
Peridot: The Gem of the Sun
Peridot, a gem variety of the mineral olivine, is characterized by its distinctive yellowish-green to greenish-yellow hue. Throughout history, it has often been mistaken for other gems, including topaz and emerald. The name “peridot” is believed to originate from the Red Sea island of Topazios, which was actually a significant source of this gem, not topaz as the name might suggest.
Historically, peridot was highly valued. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have actually consisted largely of peridot. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems previously thought to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot. Ancient Egyptians referred to peridot as the “gem of the Sun,” believing it possessed special healing powers. Ancient Hawaiians connected the stone to Pele, the goddess of volcanoes, believing peridot represented her tears brought to the surface by volcanic activity.
Peridot’s color is determined by the amount of iron present within the stone, ranging from yellowish-green to olive green. It is formed under extreme conditions, often found in hardened lava carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle, and even in meteorites that have fallen to Earth, lending to its cosmic origins.
Spinel: A Ruby Imposter Revealed
For centuries, red spinel was frequently mistaken for ruby, particularly in historical collections. Its similar appearance and often co-occurrence in the same mines led to this misidentification. Spinel, often referred to as the “mother of ruby,” has been known by various names, including “ruby spinel,” “balas ruby,” and “rubicelle.”
The distinction between spinel and ruby was difficult to ascertain before the advent of modern gemological practices. The British State Crown, for example, features a large red centerpiece that was previously believed to be a ruby but has since been identified as a spinel. Similarly, many of the finest “rubies” in Indian collections are now thought to be spinel.
While red spinel is well-known, the gem occurs in a variety of colors, including blue, which can be easily mistaken for sapphire. A key difference between spinel and ruby lies in their crystal structure. Spinel possesses a cubic structure, similar to garnet and diamond, often displaying twinning crystals. Unlike ruby, which is dichroic (exhibiting different hues when viewed from different angles), spinel tends to be one consistent color throughout.
Sardonyx: The Original August Stone
Sardonyx, the original August birthstone, is a banded variety of chalcedony, composed of layers of sard (reddish-brown) and onyx (black). Its history dates back over 4,000 years, and it was valued in ancient times for its protective qualities.
While less prominent in modern birthstone lists, sardonyx remains a significant historical choice. It radiates positive energy, enhancing confidence, optimism, and joy.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
While each gemstone possesses unique characteristics, a comparison of their key properties provides a clearer understanding of their individual qualities.
| Property | Peridot | Spinel | Sardonyx |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ | MgAl₂O₄ | SiO₂ |
| Color | Yellowish-green to Olive Green | Variety of colors, including Red, Blue, Pink | Banded Red & Black |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 | 8 | 6.5 - 7 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic | Cubic | Trigonal |
| Luster | Vitreous | Vitreous | Waxy |
| Transparency | Transparent to Translucent | Transparent to Opaque | Translucent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of these August birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs. Peridot is associated with strength and was traditionally used as a ward against nightmares, evil, and enchantments. Spinel is sometimes called a “stone of immortality” and is believed to connect individuals to their guardians, fostering self-respect, willpower, and creativity. Sardonyx is a protective stone that radiates positive energy, enhancing confidence and optimism.
More broadly, peridot is believed to encourage responsibility, forgiveness, and the manifestation of dreams. Ruby, an older association with August, symbolizes passion, protection, and prosperity. Sapphire, another historical birthstone, represents wisdom and spiritual truth. Moonstone is linked to nurturing energy and the awakening of Kundalini energy, while topaz is a stone of optimism.
Care and Cleaning
The care and cleaning of these gemstones depend on their individual hardness and properties. Peridot, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5-7, is relatively soft and susceptible to scratches. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Spinel, with a hardness of 8, is more durable and can withstand more rigorous cleaning. Sardonyx, also with a hardness of 6.5-7, should be treated with similar care to peridot. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals for all three gemstones.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent a rich tapestry of history, geology, and symbolism. From the ancient “gem of the Sun” to the recently recognized spinel and the historically significant sardonyx, each stone offers a unique connection to the month of August. Whether chosen for their beauty, their metaphysical properties, or their historical significance, these gemstones continue to captivate and inspire.