Throughout history, humankind has attributed special meaning to gemstones, associating them with particular months, astrological signs, and inherent powers. November, uniquely, boasts two recognized birthstones: Citrine and Topaz. Both gems carry rich symbolism and possess distinct geological properties, making them treasured additions to the world of jewelry and gemstone lore. This article will delve into the history, properties, and significance of these November birthstones, drawing upon available knowledge to provide a comprehensive overview.
History and Lore
The practice of assigning specific gemstones to each month is not ancient, but rather evolved over time. While earlier traditions existed, the standardization of birthstone lists is a relatively modern phenomenon. The (American) National Association of Jewelers formally adopted a list in 1912, which was later updated by the Jewelry Industry Council of America in 1952, with further additions in 2002 and 2016. This demonstrates the evolving nature of birthstone associations.
Topaz, in particular, has a long and storied past. Before the 20th century, any yellow-colored gem was often referred to as a Topaz. This highlights the historical fluidity in gem identification. The stone is deeply connected to notions of friendship, making it a traditional gift to symbolize strong bonds.
Citrine, often referred to as the “merchant’s stone” or “money stone,” carries a more recent association with prosperity and manifestation. This belief stems from a superstition that the gem attracts wealth and positive energy, converting negative thoughts into optimistic ones.
Geological Formation and Sources
Citrine is found in a variety of locations worldwide, including the United States, South Africa, Russia, Peru, Namibia, Myanmar, and Mexico. Gemologists actively seek out this gem in these regions, noting its color variance ranging from orangey-brown to deep orange, yellowish to red-orange. It possesses a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, indicating good durability.
Topaz is also sourced from diverse geographical locations. While specific details regarding its formation are limited within the provided sources, its availability in a wide range of colors – blue, brown, green, pink, orange, grey, yellow, yellowish-brown, and reddish-pink – suggests varied geological conditions contribute to its formation.
Gemological Properties
Both Citrine and Topaz possess distinct gemological properties that contribute to their appeal and value. Topaz registers an 8 on the Mohs hardness scale, making it a relatively durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. Citrine, with a hardness of 7, is also reasonably durable but slightly more susceptible to scratching than Topaz.
Topaz exhibits a wide color range, a result of impurities and structural defects within its crystalline structure. Citrine’s color, typically shades of yellow to orange, is due to traces of iron.
Zircon, another December birthstone mentioned in the provided sources, has a hardness ranging from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale and is found in colors including blue, red, green, grey, yellow, reddish-brown. Tanzanite, also a December birthstone, has a hardness of 6.5 and is found in blue, violet, and burgundy colors. Turquoise, another December birthstone, has a hardness of 5 to 6 and is available in Turquoise, blue, blue-green, and green colors.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolism associated with these birthstones is deeply rooted in cultural beliefs and traditions. Topaz, representing friendship, is a fitting gift to acknowledge and celebrate enduring relationships. Citrine, embodying luck and prosperity, is often given to wish well upon others, regardless of age.
Beyond these core associations, some beliefs attribute metaphysical properties to these gems. Citrine is considered a stone of manifestation, believed to help individuals achieve their goals and attract abundance. Topaz, while primarily symbolizing friendship, is also thought to promote emotional stability and courage.
Zircon is described as having some radioactive properties, while Turquoise is considered a valuable and rare gemstone signifying special value and rarity. Tanzanite, being one of the rarest birthstones, is believed to make the recipient feel as though their dreams have come true.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of Citrine and Topaz requires appropriate care. Topaz, with its higher hardness, is relatively resistant to scratching, but should still be protected from harsh impacts. Citrine, while durable, is more prone to scratching and should be handled with care.
Both gemstones can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these may damage the stones. Prolonged exposure to sunlight can fade the color of some gemstones, particularly Amethyst (mentioned in relation to February’s birthstone), which can turn yellow if overexposed. While this is not specifically mentioned for Citrine or Topaz, it is a general precaution to consider for colored gemstones. Opal, the October birthstone, is particularly delicate and requires special care due to its unique play of color.
Additional Birthstone Information
The provided sources also briefly mention other birthstones, offering a glimpse into the broader world of gemstone lore. Garnet, the January birthstone, is associated with deep red hues. Aquamarine, the March birthstone, appears in shades of green and blue and is known for its durability. Opal, the October birthstone, is unique for its play of color and requires delicate handling. Tourmaline, also an October birthstone, is known for its pyroelectric properties and diverse color range. Amethyst, the February birthstone, comes in shades of purple and can be affected by prolonged sun exposure.
Conclusion
Citrine and Topaz, the November birthstones, represent a compelling combination of history, symbolism, and geological beauty. From their ancient associations with friendship and prosperity to their modern-day appeal as treasured gemstones, these stones continue to captivate and inspire. Their unique properties and vibrant colors make them meaningful gifts and cherished additions to any jewelry collection. The evolving nature of birthstone lists underscores the enduring human fascination with these gifts from the earth, and their continued relevance in celebrating life’s milestones.