December, the last month of the year, is associated with a rich tapestry of traditions, celebrations, and the winter season. It also holds a unique place in the world of gemstones, being one of only two months with multiple birthstones. This article delves into the four officially recognized December birthstones: Blue Zircon, Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Blue Topaz. Each of these gemstones carries its own set of historical, geological, and symbolic significance, making them highly valued in both jewelry and metaphysical practices.
Historical and Cultural Significance
The concept of birthstones has deep historical roots, with its origins tracing back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome. These cultures believed that gemstones held mystical and healing properties, and that wearing a stone corresponding to one’s birth month could offer protection, good fortune, and a connection to the divine. December, in particular, has seen several changes in its list of associated gemstones over time.
Historically, December’s birthstone was ruby, as per the biblical list of gemstones. However, the modern list has evolved significantly. The earliest recorded December birthstone was turquoise, as listed in a 1870 pamphlet by Tiffany & Co. By 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now Jewellers of America) recognized turquoise as the primary December birthstone and included lapis lazuli as an alternative. In 1952, the Jewelry Industry Council of America added zircon to the list, and by 2002, tanzanite was officially added to the December birthstone roster.
The inclusion of multiple birthstones for December is a reflection of the gemstone trade's evolution and the increasing appreciation for diverse gem materials. Blue Zircon, Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Blue Topaz each bring their own distinct characteristics and symbolism to the list, making December one of the most fascinating months in the birthstone calendar.
The Role of Turquoise in December
Turquoise is one of the oldest known birthstones and has been cherished for millennia. The name "turquoise" derives from the French phrase pierre tourques, meaning “Turkish stone,” as the gem was originally imported to Europe through Turkey. Ancient Egyptians used turquoise in jewelry and even in the burial mask of Pharaoh Tutankhamun. In Asian cultures, turquoise was carved into elaborate ornaments, while Native American tribes in the southwestern United States have long incorporated it into their jewelry due to its symbolic and spiritual importance.
Turquoise is often associated with friendship, good fortune, health, and protection. It has been used in various forms of jewelry, including rings, necklaces, and bracelets, and is highly valued for its vibrant blue-green color. Its historical significance and enduring appeal have cemented its place as a traditional December birthstone.
Tanzanite: A Modern Marvel
Tanzanite, a relatively new addition to the December birthstone list, was first discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s. This gemstone is notable for its striking blue to violet color, which can vary depending on the lighting. Tanzanite is formed from the mineral zoisite and is known for its pleochroism—the ability to display different colors when viewed from different angles. This unique characteristic, combined with its relatively soft hardness (6–6.5 on the Mohs scale), makes tanzanite a popular choice for jewelry, particularly in rings and pendants.
The discovery of tanzanite was serendipitous, and its rise to prominence as a December birthstone was a collaborative effort by jewelers and gemologists who recognized its beauty and potential. Today, tanzanite is highly sought after for its vibrant color and the fact that it is found exclusively in Tanzania, making it a rare and valuable gemstone.
Blue Zircon: A Sparkling Alternative
Zircon, particularly the blue variety, is another gemstone with a long history of use in jewelry. Blue zircon is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which gives it a brilliant sparkle often mistaken for that of a diamond. This gemstone has been popular in antique jewelry and continues to be a favorite for modern designs due to its affordability and beauty.
Blue zircon is formed through natural heat treatment of colorless zircon, which alters its color to a beautiful blue hue. It is found in various locations around the world, including Australia, Thailand, and Brazil. The addition of zircon to the December birthstone list in 1952 was a significant development, as it provided an alternative for those who preferred a more affordable yet equally stunning gemstone.
Blue Topaz: A Dazzling Modern Gem
Blue topaz is another gemstone that has been added to the December birthstone list, particularly in the United States. Known for its clear, sky-blue to deep London Blue shades, blue topaz is a symbol of calmness, love, and clarity. While topaz can occur in a variety of colors, the blue variety is most commonly associated with December.
Naturally occurring blue topaz is rare, and most blue topaz on the market is created through heat treatment of colorless topaz. This process enhances the gemstone’s color and makes it more accessible to jewelry designers and consumers. Blue topaz is often used in rings, necklaces, and earrings and is favored for its affordability and vibrant color. It is believed to bring peace and clarity to its wearer, making it a meaningful choice for December birthdays.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological formation and sources of these gemstones provides insight into their rarity, beauty, and value. Each of the December birthstones has a distinct geological origin and is found in specific regions around the world.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. It forms in the oxidized zones of copper deposits, often in arid regions where water has evaporated, leaving behind the vibrant blue-green mineral. The most famous sources of turquoise include:
- Nevada, USA: Known for producing some of the finest turquoise, Nevada’s mines have supplied gem-grade material for centuries.
- Iran: The country has a long history of turquoise mining and is still a significant source of high-quality turquoise.
- China: While the quality of Chinese turquoise can vary, it is a major producer of the gemstone.
Turquoise is relatively soft, with a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale, which means it requires careful handling and cleaning to maintain its luster.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH) and a hardness of 6–6.5 on the Mohs scale. It is found exclusively in Tanzania, where it forms in metamorphic rocks under specific geological conditions. The gemstone’s pleochroism—its ability to display different colors when viewed from different angles—is due to its crystal structure and the way light interacts with it.
The primary mining area for tanzanite is the Merelani Hills near Arusha, Tanzania. The gemstone’s exclusivity and striking color make it a valuable and sought-after stone in the jewelry industry.
Blue Zircon
Zircon is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula ZrSiO₄. It is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which gives it a brilliant sparkle. Blue zircon is created by heating colorless zircon, which alters its color to a beautiful blue hue. Zircon is found in various locations around the world, including:
- Australia: A major source of zircon, particularly for the jewelry industry.
- Thailand: Known for producing high-quality zircon, especially in blue varieties.
- Brazil: Another significant source of zircon, often used in jewelry due to its affordability.
Zircon has a hardness of 6–7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable for jewelry use. Its affordability and brilliance make it a popular alternative to more expensive gemstones.
Blue Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. It is known for its clarity and color variety, with blue topaz being one of the most popular forms. Naturally occurring blue topaz is rare, and most blue topaz is created through heat treatment of colorless topaz. This process enhances the gemstone’s color and makes it more accessible to jewelry designers and consumers.
Blue topaz is found in various locations around the world, including:
- Brazil: A major source of topaz, particularly in the Minas Gerais region.
- United States: Known for producing high-quality topaz, especially in Colorado.
- Mexico: Another significant source of topaz, particularly in the state of Sonora.
Topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone suitable for use in rings, necklaces, and other forms of jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the December birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties, which have been passed down through generations. These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, are an integral part of the gemstone’s cultural significance.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. It is believed to bring peace and calm to its wearer, helping to reduce stress and anxiety. In many cultures, turquoise is considered a sacred stone, often used in rituals and ceremonies. It is also associated with wisdom, honesty, and the ability to communicate effectively. In Native American traditions, turquoise is believed to connect the earth and the sky, symbolizing harmony and balance.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is believed to promote emotional balance and spiritual growth. It is associated with intuition, self-expression, and the ability to see the world from different perspectives. Tanzanite is also thought to enhance creativity and imagination, making it a popular choice for artists and writers. Its deep blue to violet color is seen as a reflection of the night sky, symbolizing mystery, depth, and transformation.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is believed to enhance clarity, focus, and mental clarity. It is associated with wisdom, truth, and the ability to make sound decisions. Blue zircon is also thought to promote inner peace and emotional stability, helping to reduce anxiety and stress. Its brilliance and sparkle are seen as a reflection of one’s inner light, symbolizing hope, optimism, and the pursuit of happiness.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is believed to promote calmness, love, and clarity of thought. It is associated with emotional healing, forgiveness, and the ability to let go of past hurts. Blue topaz is also thought to enhance communication and understanding, making it a popular choice for those in relationships. Its vibrant blue color is seen as a symbol of trust, loyalty, and the depth of one’s emotions.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. Each gemstone has specific care requirements based on its hardness, cleavage, and sensitivity to heat and chemicals.
Turquoise
Turquoise is relatively soft, with a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale. It is also sensitive to water, acids, and household chemicals. To clean turquoise jewelry, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid soaking the gemstone in water for extended periods, as it can cause it to lose its color. Store turquoise separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6–6.5 on the Mohs scale and is sensitive to heat and ultrasonic cleaners. To clean tanzanite jewelry, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid exposing the gemstone to high temperatures, as it can cause it to fade or change color. Store tanzanite in a soft pouch to prevent scratches.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon has a hardness of 6–7.5 on the Mohs scale and is generally durable for jewelry use. To clean blue zircon, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, as they can damage the gemstone. Store blue zircon in a soft pouch to prevent scratches.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale and is relatively durable for jewelry use. To clean blue topaz, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. You can also use an ultrasonic cleaner, but avoid exposing the gemstone to high temperatures, as it can affect its color. Store blue topaz in a soft pouch to prevent scratches.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—Blue Zircon, Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Blue Topaz—represent a rich blend of history, symbolism, and beauty. Each gemstone has its own unique story, from the ancient use of turquoise in Egyptian jewelry to the modern discovery of tanzanite in Tanzania. These gemstones are not only visually stunning but also carry deep cultural and metaphysical significance, making them meaningful choices for jewelry and personal adornment.
Whether you are considering a December birthstone for a special gift or simply exploring the world of gemstones, these stones offer a fascinating glimpse into the intersection of geology, history, and human culture. Their enduring appeal and versatility in jewelry design ensure that December’s birthstones will continue to be cherished for generations to come.