The concept of a “birthstone” – a gemstone associated with the month of one’s birth – has a rich and evolving history. Originating in ancient times, the practice of linking gemstones to specific months has transformed from interpretations of religious texts to a standardized system influenced by market demands and recent discoveries. This article will explore the traditional and modern birthstones, detailing their historical roots, associated meanings, and the shifts that have occurred over centuries, based on available records.
The earliest connections between gemstones and the twelve tribes of Israel can be traced back to biblical times and the writings of historian Josephus. He associated the twelve stones in Aaron’s breastplate with the tribes, believing each stone possessed specific powers. However, interpretations of which stones corresponded to which tribes varied, and some scholars, like George Frederick Kunz, suggest Josephus referred to the Second Temple’s breastplate rather than Aaron’s original one. By the 8th and 9th centuries, the practice evolved into wearing one gemstone per month, eventually solidifying into the traditional birthstone system. The modern birthstone system, however, emerged much later, standardized by the Jewelers of America in 1912, with subsequent updates in 1952, 2002, and 2016 to reflect changing preferences and the introduction of new gemstones to the market.
January: Garnet
Garnet stands as both the traditional and modern birthstone for January. Its color is consistently described as a dark red, and it is associated with faith and fidelity.
February: Amethyst
Amethyst holds its position as the birthstone for February, both traditionally and in the modern system. The gemstone is noted for its violet color and is linked to temperance and deep love. Amethyst is available in rings, earrings, and other jewelry pieces.
March: Aquamarine and Bloodstone
March presents a divergence between traditional and modern designations. While bloodstone remains a traditional choice, aquamarine is the modern birthstone. Aquamarine, with its pale blue hue, is described as “the stone of the sea,” its name derived from the Latin words for water and sea. It is believed to bring tranquility and a happy marriage. Bloodstone, an alternative traditional choice, is a dark green gemstone.
April: Diamond
Diamond is the undisputed birthstone for April, maintaining its status in both traditional and modern lists. Renowned for its exceptional durability – registering a 10 on the Mohs hardness scale – and clarity, the diamond symbolizes enduring love and purity. Historically, diamonds were associated with the planet Jupiter in Western cultures and Venus in Hindu traditions. They were also used medicinally in ancient times, reserved for royalty and religious leaders.
May: Emerald
Emerald consistently represents May as the birthstone. Its bright green color is highly valued, and the stone is associated with joy and vitality.
June: Pearl, Moonstone, and Alexandrite
June boasts the most diverse selection of birthstones. Pearl and moonstone are both traditional choices, while Alexandrite has been added as a modern option. Pearl, with its white, iridescent sheen, symbolizes wisdom, integrity, and truth. Creation myths surrounding pearls vary, attributing their origin to mythological creatures, thunderstorms, or even the tears of gods. Pearls are notably softer than other birthstones, requiring careful handling.
July: Ruby
Ruby is the birthstone for July, holding its place in both traditional and modern lists. Its bold red color is emblematic of passionate love.
August: Sardonyx, Peridot, and Spinel
August has undergone significant changes in its birthstone designation. Sardonyx is the traditional choice, but peridot and spinel have been added as modern alternatives. In 2016, spinel was added to the list, offering a vibrant alternative to peridot.
September: Sapphire
Sapphire remains the birthstone for September, consistently recognized in both traditional and modern systems. It is known for its dark blue color and symbolizes wisdom and loyalty.
October: Opal and Tourmaline
October presents another instance of evolving birthstone choices. Opal is the traditional birthstone, while tourmaline has been added as a modern alternative. Tourmaline is noted for its pink hues and play of color.
November: Topaz and Citrine
November’s birthstones are topaz and citrine. Topaz is the traditional choice, while citrine is the modern selection. Citrine is valued for its durability, affordability, and vibrant yellow colors, inspiring self-esteem, creativity, and positivity.
December: Turquoise, Zircon, and Tanzanite
December offers a trio of birthstones: turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite. Turquoise is the most recognized of the three, celebrated for its striking colors and cultural significance in ancient civilizations like Egypt, Persia, and among Native American and Aztec cultures. It represents wisdom, tranquility, and hope, but is relatively soft, registering a 6 on the Mohs scale and requiring gentle care. Lapis Lazuli is also a traditional December birthstone, known for its deep blue color and flecks of pyrite. Tanzanite, discovered in the 1960s, was officially added as a December birthstone in 2002.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
The following table summarizes the Mohs hardness scale ratings for some of the birthstones mentioned:
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Diamond | 10 |
| Sapphire | 9 |
| Emerald | 7.5-8 |
| Aquamarine | 7.5-8 |
| Garnet | 6.5-7.5 |
| Pearl | 2.5-4 |
| Turquoise | 6 |
This table highlights the significant variation in durability among birthstones, influencing their care and maintenance requirements.
The Evolution of Birthstone Lists
The shift from traditional to modern birthstones reflects a combination of historical, cultural, and commercial factors. Traditional birthstones were often linked to religious beliefs, folklore, and the availability of gemstones in specific regions. The standardization of modern birthstones by the Jewelers of America in 1912 aimed to create a more consistent and marketable system. Subsequent updates have incorporated newly discovered gemstones, like tanzanite, and responded to changing consumer preferences. The addition of multiple options for certain months, such as June, August, October, and December, provides consumers with greater choice and allows them to select a gemstone that resonates with their personal style and symbolism.
Conclusion
The story of birthstones is a fascinating blend of history, geology, and cultural significance. From their origins in ancient religious texts to their modern standardization, birthstones continue to hold a special place in the hearts of many. The evolution of birthstone lists reflects changing tastes and the discovery of new gemstones, offering a diverse range of options for those seeking a meaningful connection to their birth month. The enduring appeal of birthstones lies in their beauty, symbolism, and the personal significance they hold for individuals around the world.