December is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but four recognized birthstones: Tanzanite, Turquoise, Blue Zircon, and Blue Topaz. Each of these gemstones presents a distinct shade of blue, mirroring the cool tones of the winter season, and carries its own rich history and significance. While Turquoise holds the longest tradition as a December birthstone, the more recently discovered Tanzanite has gained considerable popularity. This article will explore the origins, properties, and lore surrounding these captivating gemstones, offering a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand the meaning behind their December birthstone.
A History of Blue Hues
The association of blue gemstones with December dates back centuries, with Turquoise being the most historically significant. Turquoise has been cherished for millennia, adorning the pharaohs of ancient Egypt and being skillfully carved by Chinese artisans over 3,000 years ago. It was believed to bestow health and good fortune, and from the 13th century onward, it was thought to offer protection from falls and warn of impending disaster. In Hindu mysticism, viewing turquoise after a new moon was believed to bring great wealth.
While Turquoise enjoyed a long and established history, the other December birthstones have more recent origins in terms of widespread recognition. Blue Zircon has ancient roots, being referenced in the Bible as jacinth or hyacinth, and is among the oldest minerals on Earth. However, its popularity as a December birthstone is more modern. Blue Topaz, while a well-known gem, gained prominence as a December birthstone relatively recently. Tanzanite is the newest addition, discovered in Tanzania in 1967. Its introduction to the market was significantly influenced by Tiffany & Co., who recognized its beauty and named it after its country of origin.
Geological Formation and Sources
The geological origins of these four birthstones are diverse, reflecting their unique compositions and formation processes. Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gem, often exhibiting veins of matrix – remnants of the rock in which it formed. It is formed in relatively dry, arid environments, often near copper deposits.
Zircon, one of the oldest minerals on Earth, forms in igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks. Some zircons contain radioactive elements, allowing scientists to date them, with some specimens being over 4.4 billion years old.
Blue Topaz is a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine. While naturally occurring blue topaz is rare, the commercially available blue topaz is typically produced by irradiating naturally colorless topaz.
Tanzanite, uniquely, is found in only one location worldwide: the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Discovered in a relatively small area of just four square miles, its rarity contributes to its value and desirability. It is a blue form of the mineral zoisite.
Gemological Properties
Each December birthstone possesses distinct gemological properties that contribute to its unique appeal.
Turquoise: Ranges from blue to green in color and is typically opaque. Its composition includes copper aluminum phosphate.
Blue Zircon: Displays a range of blue and blue-green shades and is highly refractive, exhibiting significant “fire” – the dispersion of light into rainbow colors. It can sometimes display chatoyance, a cat’s-eye effect.
Blue Topaz: Exhibits a color range from dark inky blues to lighter, cooler shades. It has a glass-like luster and strong chemical bonding, making it relatively hard despite its cleavage. Its chemical formula is Al2SiO4(F,OH)4. Varieties include London Blue (deep inky blue), Swiss Blue (vibrant medium light blue), and Sky Blue (light aqua).
Tanzanite: Is known for its mesmerizing blue-violet hues. It is also trichroic, meaning it displays three separate colors – blue, violet, and red – depending on the viewing angle.
The following table summarizes key properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color Range | Hardness (Mohs) | Notable Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Copper Aluminum Phosphate | Blue to Green | 5-6 | Often contains matrix |
| Blue Zircon | Zirconium Silicate | Blue, Blue-Green | 6.5-7.5 | High refractive index, fire, chatoyance |
| Blue Topaz | Al2SiO4(F,OH)4 | Dark to Light Blue | 8 | Strong chemical bonding |
| Tanzanite | Calcium Aluminum Silicate | Blue-Violet | 6.5-7 | Trichroism |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these December birthstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise, historically, was believed to guarantee health and good fortune and offer protection from harm.
Zircon has been associated with wisdom and prosperity. Its ancient biblical references lend it a sense of spiritual significance.
Blue Topaz is often associated with calming energy and clarity of thought.
Tanzanite, being a relatively new discovery, has developed more modern metaphysical associations, often linked to transformation, intuition, and spiritual awareness. It is believed to facilitate communication and connection to higher realms.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these December birthstones. Turquoise, being relatively soft, is susceptible to scratches and should be protected from harsh impacts. It is best cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water.
Blue Zircon, while harder than Turquoise, can still be chipped or scratched. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is recommended.
Blue Topaz is relatively durable but can be damaged by sudden temperature changes. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals. Cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth is ideal.
Tanzanite is also susceptible to damage from heat and chemicals. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth, and ultrasonic cleaners should be avoided. Due to its trichroism, viewing it under different lighting conditions can reveal its full color spectrum.
December Birthstone by Date
While all four gemstones are associated with December, some sources suggest specific birthstones for different days of the month. According to one source, the following assignments are made:
- December 4th: Blue Topaz
- December 5th: Tanzanite
- December 6th: Turquoise
- December 7th: Blue Zircon
- And this pattern repeats throughout the month.
This provides a more personalized approach to selecting a December birthstone.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – Tanzanite, Turquoise, Blue Zircon, and Blue Topaz – offer a diverse and captivating range of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. From the ancient lore surrounding Turquoise to the recent discovery of Tanzanite, each gemstone holds a unique place in the world of gemology. Whether seeking a traditional symbol of protection and good fortune, a vibrant display of fire and brilliance, or a captivating hue of blue-violet, a December birthstone provides a meaningful and beautiful connection to the month of December.