The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month of the year, known as the birthstone calendar, is a practice steeped in history and evolving cultural significance. While the modern standardization of this list dates to 1912 with the American National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America), the roots of this tradition extend back to biblical times and ancient astrological beliefs. Originally, twelve gemstones represented the tribes of Israel, as displayed on the High Priest’s breastplate. Later, these stones became linked to the twelve apostles and, eventually, to the months of the year. Today, birthstones offer a personalized connection to jewelry, allowing individuals to explore gemstones and their associated meanings. This article will explore the gemstones assigned to each month, their historical context, and their defining characteristics, as understood through established gemological and historical sources.
A Historical Tapestry
The concept of linking gemstones to specific periods originated with the ancient world’s fascination with astrology. Ancient and medieval astrologers believed that gemstones reflected the influence of the planets and constellations, offering a tangible connection between humanity and the cosmos. Initially, zodiac stones and birthstones were largely synonymous, with each sign possessing a corresponding gem. Over time, these associations shifted, and the modern birthstone calendar emerged, incorporating a blend of historical precedent and evolving preferences. The standardization in 1912 aimed to create a more accessible and consistent list for jewelers and consumers alike. This evolution demonstrates how cultural beliefs and commercial interests have shaped our understanding and appreciation of gemstones.
The Spectrum of Birthstone Colors
The birthstone calendar presents a vibrant spectrum of colors, with certain hues dominating the annual cycle. The gemstones are often categorized by their primary color, offering a convenient way to understand the overall palette. Red and pink gemstones feature prominently, as do blue varieties, while other colors like green, yellow, and purple also have their designated months.
January: The Resilient Garnet
January’s birthstone is the garnet, a gemstone most recognized for its deep, rich red hue. However, the garnet family is remarkably diverse, encompassing a rainbow of colors including vibrant green (Tsavorite) and warm orange (Spessartite). The name “garnet” itself derives from the Latin word “granatus,” meaning “pomegranate seed,” a reference to the gem’s resemblance to the fruit’s vibrant seeds. Historically, garnets held significant cultural importance, appearing in the jewelry of ancient Egyptian pharaohs and serving as signet rings for Roman officials to stamp wax seals. The garnet is often associated with protection, faith, and eternal friendship, symbolizing constancy and devotion.
February: The Alluring Amethyst
Information regarding February’s birthstone is not provided in the sources.
March: The Refreshing Aquamarine
March is represented by aquamarine, a calming stone displaying a refreshing shade of blue. It sometimes exhibits a combination of blue and green hues.
April: The Timeless Diamond
April’s birthstone is the diamond, one of the four precious gemstones alongside rubies, emeralds, and sapphires.
May: The Vibrant Emerald
Information regarding May’s birthstone is not provided in the sources.
June: The Mystical Pearl and Alexandrite
June boasts two birthstones: the pearl and alexandrite. Alexandrite is notable for its color-changing abilities, sometimes displaying a blue hue. The pearl, a classic and timeless gem, is also associated with this month.
July: The Regal Ruby
July’s birthstone is the ruby, belonging to the mineral family of corundum and ranking 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness, second only to the diamond. Rubies are essentially the red variety of sapphire.
August: Peridot and Spinel
August features two birthstones: peridot and spinel. Red spinel is particularly desirable and serves as a more affordable alternative to rubies, sometimes appearing in pink shades.
September: The Majestic Sapphire
September’s birthstone is the sapphire, primarily known for its deep blue variety, though sapphires actually occur in a rainbow of colors. Like rubies, sapphires also rank 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness and belong to the corundum mineral family.
October: Opal and Tourmaline
October offers two birthstones: opal and tourmaline. Tourmaline is found in a range of colors, including a breathtaking pink.
November: The Sunny Topaz and Citrine
November is represented by topaz and citrine, both typically yellow in color.
December: Turquoise, Zircon, Tanzanite, and Blue Topaz
December has a complex array of birthstones. In the United States, zircon is the primary birthstone, known for its colorless variety but also appearing in blue and other colors. Turquoise, tanzanite, and blue topaz are also associated with December, with turquoise being the sole birthstone for this month in the UK.
Gemological Properties and Considerations
The birthstone calendar encompasses a wide range of gemological properties. Rubies and sapphires, both corundum varieties, share a remarkable hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, making them exceptionally durable. Garnets, while beautiful, are generally less durable than rubies and diamonds. The sources do not provide detailed gemological data for all birthstones, but they highlight the importance of considering hardness and durability when selecting birthstone jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Garnets are associated with protection, faith, and friendship. Sapphires symbolize wisdom and loyalty. While the sources do not delve deeply into these beliefs, they acknowledge the enduring connection between gemstones and human spirituality. The practice of wearing birthstones is often seen as a way to harness the positive energies associated with each gem.
Choosing Birthstone Jewelry
The sources emphasize the importance of understanding what one is purchasing when selecting birthstone jewelry. While birthstones offer a meaningful way to personalize jewelry choices, it’s crucial to ensure the authenticity and quality of the gemstones.
Zodiac Birthstones: A Historical Connection
The sources mention a historical connection between zodiac signs and birthstones. Ancient astrologers assigned gemstones to planets, believing them to be reflections of celestial influences. While zodiac birthstones and standard birthstones have diverged over time, with zodiac stones often being semi-precious while standard birthstones include precious gems, the original association highlights the enduring link between astrology and gemology.
Conclusion
The birthstone calendar represents a fascinating intersection of history, culture, and gemology. From its origins in biblical times and ancient astrology to its modern standardization, the tradition of associating gemstones with specific months continues to resonate with individuals seeking a personal connection to jewelry and its symbolic meanings. The diverse range of colors, properties, and historical lore associated with each birthstone offers a rich tapestry of knowledge and appreciation for these natural treasures. The calendar provides a framework for exploring the world of gemstones, encouraging individuals to discover the unique beauty and significance of each stone.