For centuries, gemstones have captivated humanity with their beauty and perceived mystical properties. The tradition of associating specific stones with each month of the year, known as birthstones, has a rich and evolving history. August boasts not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Each possesses unique geological origins, historical significance, and aesthetic qualities, making them cherished additions to any jewelry collection. This article will delve into the fascinating world of these August birthstones, exploring their history, gemological properties, symbolism, and care.
History and Lore
The concept of linking gemstones to specific months dates back to the Old Testament and the Breastplate of Aaron, which featured twelve jewels representing the tribes of Israel. Over time, these stones became associated with the signs of the Greco-Roman zodiac and, later, the Twelve Apostles. The practice of assigning a different stone to each month to honor the apostles further solidified the connection between gemstones and the calendar. While these customs evolved, the standardization of birthstones occurred in 1912 when the American National Retail Jewelers Association (now Jewelers of America) established an official list.
Originally, sardonyx was the sole birthstone for August. However, peridot and spinel were subsequently added as modern alternatives, offering a wider range of choices for those seeking a gemstone with special significance. Sardonyx, with its banded layers of red-brown and white, was historically valued for its perceived protective qualities. Ancient civilizations believed it brought courage, strength, and protection to the wearer, and it was frequently used for wax seals and as a talisman against negative energy.
Spinel, though long mistaken for ruby and sapphire, gained recognition as a distinct gemstone in the late 19th century. Its history is intertwined with that of its more famous counterparts, often appearing in historical jewelry alongside them. Peridot, with its vibrant green hue, also has a long and storied past. It was believed to ward off evil spirits and protect against nightmares, and some historians suggest that Cleopatra’s favorite gemstone, often referred to as emerald, may have actually been peridot.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of these August birthstones originates through distinct geological processes and is found in various locations around the globe. Peridot, a variety of the mineral olivine, forms deep within the Earth’s mantle and is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. Significant sources of peridot include Egypt, Myanmar, and the United States.
Spinel forms in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits. Notable sources include Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Myanmar. The gem’s diverse chemical composition allows it to occur in a wide spectrum of colors, making it a highly sought-after gemstone.
Sardonyx, a form of chalcedony, is composed of bands of red-brown sard and white onyx. It forms in sedimentary rocks and can be found in countries such as India, Brazil, and the United States. The banding patterns are created during the stone’s formation, resulting in a unique and visually appealing gemstone.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of each birthstone is crucial for appreciating its beauty and ensuring its proper care.
Peridot: This gemstone ranks 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it relatively durable but susceptible to scratches. Its vibrant green color is due to the presence of iron. Peridot is typically found in smaller sizes, with larger stones being quite rare.
Spinel: Spinel boasts a hardness of 7.5-8 on the Mohs scale, indicating excellent durability. It occurs in almost every color, including red, pink, blue, purple, and black. The most prized spinels exhibit a bright red or pink hue, rivaling the color of ruby.
Sardonyx: Sardonyx has a hardness of 6.5 out of 10 on the Mohs scale. Its distinctive banded appearance is a key characteristic. The contrast between the red-brown sard and white onyx layers creates a visually striking gemstone.
Here's a table summarizing the key gemological properties:
Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Hardness (Mohs) | Color | Key Characteristics |
---|---|---|---|---|
Peridot | Olivine (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ | 6.5-7 | Green | Vibrant green hue, formed in Earth’s mantle |
Spinel | MgAl₂O₄ | 7.5-8 | Various (Red, Pink, Blue, etc.) | High brilliance, durable, often mistaken for ruby |
Sardonyx | SiO₂ (Chalcedony) | 6.5 | Banded Red-Brown & White | Distinctive banded layers, protective symbolism |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these August birthstones has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Peridot is believed to promote positivity, happiness, and confidence. It is also thought to have emotional and spiritual healing properties.
Spinel is associated with enhancing vitality, promoting positive energy, and bringing a sense of peace and calm to the wearer. Its vibrant colors are often linked to feelings of joy and enthusiasm.
Sardonyx is believed to instill courage, self-control, and motivation. It was historically worn as a talisman to ward off negative energy and provide protection.
These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, contribute to the enduring appeal of these gemstones and their significance as birthstones.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of any gemstone. Due to its relatively lower hardness, peridot is more susceptible to scratches and should be handled with care. Avoid exposing it to harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners. Cleaning can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
Spinel, with its higher hardness, is more durable and can withstand more wear and tear. However, it is still advisable to avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is recommended.
Sardonyx should also be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid abrasive cleaners, as they can damage the polished surface.
Conclusion
August’s birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent a diverse and captivating collection of gemstones. Each possesses a unique history, geological origin, and symbolic meaning. From the protective qualities of sardonyx to the vibrant energy of spinel and the cheerful glow of peridot, these stones offer a range of options for those seeking a meaningful and beautiful birthstone. Understanding their properties and providing proper care will ensure that these treasures continue to sparkle for generations to come.