Turquoise, the December birthstone, is a gemstone with a rich history, vibrant coloration, and deep cultural significance. Revered for thousands of years across various civilizations, turquoise has been a symbol of protection, friendship, and good fortune. Known for its striking blue to green hues and distinctive matrix patterns, it is a gemstone that captures the imagination and continues to hold a special place in the world of jewelry and gemology. This article delves into the historical origins, geological properties, modern uses, and cultural significance of turquoise, offering a comprehensive look at the gemstone that celebrates those born in December.
History and Lore
Turquoise has a long and storied history, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient times. It is one of the earliest gemstones ever mined, with archaeological findings indicating its use as far back as 8,000 years ago in ancient Egypt. The Egyptians valued turquoise for its beauty and believed it to have protective and healing properties. They used it in jewelry and amulets, often associating it with the gods and the afterlife. Turquoise was also highly prized by other ancient civilizations, including the Chinese, who carved it over 3,000 years ago into intricate artifacts and decorative objects.
In the 13th century, turquoise was believed to protect the wearer from falling, particularly when riding a horse. It was also said to break into several pieces at the approach of disaster, serving as an early warning sign. In Hindu culture, mystics believed that seeing a turquoise after the new moon would bring wealth and prosperity. These beliefs reflect the gemstone’s enduring reputation as a stone of protection and good fortune.
The recognition of turquoise as the December birthstone has its roots in Polish and Russian traditions. These cultures incorporated turquoise into their birthstone calendars as the gem of the last month. However, the tradition was lost in Europe for several centuries, from the 15th to the 20th. It was revived in the United States in 1912 when the American National Jewelers Association (now known as Jewelers of America) released a standardized list of birthstones, including turquoise for December. Since then, turquoise has remained a popular choice for December birthdays, symbolizing friendship, love, and harmony.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, with the chemical formula CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. It forms in the oxidized zones of copper deposits, typically in arid regions where water can leach copper and aluminum from surrounding rocks. The presence of these elements, along with the hydration of the mineral, gives turquoise its characteristic blue to green coloration. The exact shade of turquoise can vary depending on the concentration of these elements and the presence of other minerals in the host rock.
One of the most prized colors of turquoise is known as "Persian blue," a vibrant, pure blue without any green overtones. This color is named after the ancient source of the finest turquoise, which was found in Persia (modern-day Iran). Persian blue is considered the standard for the December birthstone color, representing the most desirable and valuable specimens of turquoise.
Turquoise is found in various parts of the world, with notable sources including:
- Persia (Iran): As the origin of the finest turquoise, Persia has a long history of producing high-quality turquoise, particularly the coveted Persian blue.
- Egypt: Ancient Egyptian turquoise was mined in the Sinai Peninsula, where it was used in jewelry and amulets.
- China: Chinese artisans have been working with turquoise for over 3,000 years, creating intricate carvings and decorative objects.
- Mexico: Mexican turquoise, particularly from the state of Sonora, is known for its vibrant greenish-blue colors and distinct matrix patterns. It is often used in Native American jewelry.
- United States: The American Southwest is a significant source of turquoise, with notable mines in Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico. Navajo and Zuni artisans are particularly renowned for their turquoise jewelry.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone, measuring between 5 and 6 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This places it below many other gemstones, such as quartz (7) and topaz (8), and makes it more susceptible to scratches and damage. Due to its softness, turquoise requires careful handling and proper care to maintain its beauty and longevity.
The gemstone typically occurs in massive or nodular forms rather than distinct crystals. It forms in the triclinic crystal system, but its crystal faces often lack symmetry. Instead of exhibiting a glass-like luster, turquoise has a waxy to sub-vitreous luster, which gives it a unique and appealing appearance. Most turquoise is opaque, though rare specimens can be semi-translucent.
One of the defining characteristics of turquoise is its color, which ranges from sky blue to greenish blue. The presence of veins or mottled patterns known as matrix is also common. Matrix refers to the remnants of the host rock that remain within the turquoise, creating intricate patterns that add to the stone’s uniqueness. The most prized turquoise exhibits a vibrant blue color without any green overtones, known as Persian blue.
To showcase its beauty, turquoise is often cut into specific shapes:
- Cabochon: The most common cut for turquoise is the cabochon, a smooth, rounded shape without facets. This cut emphasizes the stone’s color and matrix patterns.
- Beads: Turquoise beads are popular in jewelry, particularly in necklaces, bracelets, and earrings. They highlight the gemstone’s color and patterns in a versatile and attractive way.
- Freeform: Some turquoise is cut into freeform shapes, which allow for creative and artistic designs.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, turquoise has been associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. It is often regarded as a stone of friendship and love, fostering empathy, compassion, and understanding in relationships. Turquoise is believed to strengthen bonds and promote harmony, making it a meaningful choice for those born in December.
In addition to its associations with love and friendship, turquoise is also considered a protective stone. Ancient cultures believed that turquoise could ward off negative energies and provide a shield against harm. In the 13th century, it was thought to protect the wearer from falling, especially when riding a horse. It was also believed to break into several pieces at the approach of disaster, serving as an early warning sign.
Hindu mystics believed that seeing a turquoise after the new moon would bring wealth and prosperity. This belief reflects the gemstone’s enduring reputation as a stone of good fortune and abundance. In Native American cultures, turquoise is often used in jewelry and ceremonial objects, symbolizing protection, healing, and spiritual connection.
Modern metaphysical beliefs also attribute various properties to turquoise. It is considered a stone of communication and self-expression, helping individuals to speak their truth and express their emotions. Turquoise is also believed to promote emotional balance and calmness, making it a popular choice for those seeking inner peace and tranquility.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively soft and porous nature, turquoise requires special care to maintain its beauty and longevity. Proper cleaning and storage are essential to prevent damage and preserve the gemstone’s appearance.
Avoid Exposure to Chemicals
Turquoise is highly sensitive to chemicals, which can damage its surface and alter its color. It is important to keep turquoise away from household cleaners, cosmetics, perfumes, and hair products. These substances can penetrate the porous surface of the gemstone, causing discoloration and weakening its structure. It is recommended to remove turquoise jewelry before applying any of these products.
Protect from Heat and Sunlight
Prolonged exposure to direct sunlight or high temperatures can cause turquoise to discolor or become brittle. The heat can dry out the gemstone, leading to cracks and loss of luster. To protect turquoise from heat and sunlight, it is advisable to store it in a cool, dark place when not in use. Avoid leaving turquoise in hot environments, such as a car or near a heater.
Clean Gently
Turquoise should be cleaned gently to avoid damage. A soft, damp cloth is the best method for cleaning, as it can remove dirt and dust without causing harm. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, steamers, or harsh chemicals, as these can damage the gemstone. If necessary, a mild soap can be used, but it should be rinsed thoroughly with water and dried immediately with a soft cloth.
Protect from Impact
Because turquoise is relatively soft, it is susceptible to scratches and chips. It is important to protect it from impact and contact with harder materials. When not in use, turquoise jewelry should be stored separately in a soft pouch or lined jewelry box to prevent scratches. Avoid wearing turquoise during activities that involve physical contact or exposure to rough surfaces.
Conclusion
Turquoise, the December birthstone, is a gemstone with a rich history, vibrant coloration, and deep cultural significance. Its use dates back thousands of years, with ancient civilizations valuing it for its beauty and protective properties. The gemstone’s association with December was formalized in the 20th century, when it was included in the standardized list of birthstones by the American National Jewelers Association. Turquoise is known for its striking blue to green hues and distinctive matrix patterns, making it a unique and desirable gemstone.
Geologically, turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, forming in arid regions where water can leach these elements from surrounding rocks. It is found in various parts of the world, including Persia, Egypt, China, Mexico, and the American Southwest. The most prized color of turquoise is Persian blue, a vibrant, pure blue without any green overtones.
Symbolically, turquoise is associated with friendship, love, and protection. It is believed to promote harmony, emotional balance, and spiritual connection. In Native American cultures, turquoise is used in jewelry and ceremonial objects, symbolizing protection and healing. Modern metaphysical beliefs also attribute various properties to turquoise, including communication, self-expression, and emotional calmness.
Due to its relatively soft and porous nature, turquoise requires special care to maintain its beauty and longevity. It should be protected from chemicals, heat, and impact, and cleaned gently with a soft cloth. Proper care ensures that turquoise jewelry remains vibrant and beautiful for years to come.
As the December birthstone, turquoise holds a special place in the world of gemstones. Its rich history, vibrant coloration, and deep cultural significance make it a timeless and cherished gemstone for those born in December.