December boasts a unique distinction among the months: it is represented by not one, but three birthstones – turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite. Each of these gems possesses a distinct history, geological origin, and set of gemological properties, offering a diverse range of choices for those born in the final month of the year. Throughout history, these stones have been prized for their beauty, believed metaphysical properties, and association with royalty and good fortune.
A History of December’s Gems
Turquoise has the longest documented history of the three, with evidence of its use dating back before the 13th century. Ancient civilizations, including the Egyptians, Hindus, and Native Americans, all valued this sky-blue gemstone. Egyptians adorned pharaohs with turquoise, while Hindu mystics incorporated it into their practices. Among Native American tribes, turquoise held particular significance; the Apache believed it could be found at the end of a rainbow and would improve aim, and the Pueblo tribe associated its color with the sky. The Hopi tribe attributed its creation to lizards traveling the earth. Its association with royalty extends to more recent history, notably featuring in the jewelry of Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor. In Tibet, turquoise is considered a national treasure, believed to provide health, good fortune, and protection.
Zircon, often confused with cubic zirconia, has a history stretching back to biblical times, where it was referred to as jacinth or hyacinth. Some zircons are among the oldest minerals on Earth, with specimens containing uranium and thorium dating back 4.4 billion years – nearly as old as the planet itself.
Tanzanite is the youngest of the three in terms of discovery, found in Tanzania in 1967. Its rarity is notable, as all tanzanite originates from a small area of just four square miles.
Geological Origins and Sources
Turquoise is found in arid regions, and its sources are varied. The provided materials do not specify particular mining locations beyond noting its historical use across multiple continents.
Zircon deposits are currently mined in Sri Lanka, specifically the Elahera region, but can also be found in Australia, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia. The presence of radioactive elements within some zircons allows for radiometric dating, confirming their extraordinary age.
Tanzanite, uniquely, is sourced exclusively from Tanzania, within a limited geographical area. This concentrated source contributes to its rarity and value.
Gemological Properties
Zircon exhibits high refractive properties, displaying “fire” – the rainbow colors seen as light splits within the gem. It ranks between 6 and 7.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it susceptible to scratches and damage with rough handling. Zircon can also display chatoyance, a cat’s-eye effect. Some zircons are heat-treated to create blue and colorless variations, though these colors can fade with prolonged exposure to light.
Turquoise’s properties are not detailed in the provided sources beyond its color.
Tanzanite is noted for being trichroic, meaning it displays three separate colors – blue, violet, and red – depending on the viewing angle. It is a blue form of the mineral zoisite.
A comparative table of hardness is provided below:
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Zircon | 6 - 7.5 |
| Turquoise | Not specified in sources |
| Tanzanite | Not specified in sources |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these December birthstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise is believed to bestow health and good fortune. Ancient beliefs suggested it could prevent falls from horses and bring wealth.
Zircon is associated with clarity of thought and creativity. It is believed to attract financial prosperity.
The provided sources do not detail specific metaphysical beliefs associated with tanzanite, beyond its inherent beauty and rarity.
Care and Cleaning
Zircon requires careful handling due to its relatively lower hardness. It should be removed before engaging in strenuous activities and should not be exposed to ultrasonic or steam cleaners. Cleaning is best achieved with a soft brush and mild soapy water. Prolonged exposure to bright light should be avoided to prevent fading of treated colors.
Turquoise’s care instructions are not provided in the sources.
Topaz, as mentioned in a related section of one source, should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush, avoiding harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. It should be stored separately to prevent scratches and protected from direct sunlight to avoid color fading. Citrine, also mentioned, shares similar care instructions.
Notable Gemstones
The sources mention several famous examples of topaz, including the Braganza Diamond (actually a topaz), the Green Vault Topaz, and the El-Dorado Topaz. The Braganza Diamond, weighing 1,680 carats, was once believed to be the largest diamond ever discovered. The Green Vault Topaz, a 41-carat gem, is part of the collection in Dresden, Germany. The El-Dorado Topaz is a massive 31,000 carats.
Purchasing Considerations
When purchasing zircon or topaz, considering the “4Cs” – color, clarity, cut, and carat weight – is essential. Vibrant, even colors and clarity free from visible inclusions are desirable. A well-executed cut maximizes brilliance, and larger gems are generally more valuable, though balance with the other Cs is important. Requesting certification from reputable organizations like the GIA is recommended for larger, rarer gemstones.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite – represent a fascinating convergence of history, geology, and symbolism. From the ancient origins of turquoise to the relatively recent discovery of tanzanite and the age-old presence of zircon, each gem offers a unique story and aesthetic appeal. Their diverse properties and associated beliefs make them cherished gemstones for those born in December and collectors alike.