Peridot, a captivating gemstone displaying shades of green, holds a prominent position as a birthstone for the month of August. Its name originates from the Arabic word “faridat,” meaning “gem,” a testament to its long-held value and beauty. This gem variety of the mineral Chrysolite, or Olivine, boasts a unique origin story, being found not only in the Earth’s crust but also within the Earth’s mantle and even at meteorite crash sites. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this remarkable gemstone, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
While the tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back to ancient civilizations, the standardization of birthstone lists occurred in the early 20th century. In 1912, the American National Retail Jewelers Association—now known as Jewelers of America—officially designated peridot as the birthstone for August. However, peridot’s historical significance predates this formal recognition. Its vibrant green hue and associations with protection and prosperity made it a favored gem for the month even before the official list was established. The gem’s connection to volcanic origins and lava flows further solidified its association with August, a month often characterized by summer heat and fiery energy.
Beyond its role as a birthstone, peridot has been valued for centuries. It is also associated with the 16th year of marriage, making it a meaningful gift for celebrating this milestone.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a magnesium-iron silicate with the chemical formula (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. The ratio of magnesium to iron within the crystal structure influences the intensity of the green color. Crystals can range in composition, with Forsterite representing magnesium-rich, iron-poor varieties and Fayalite representing magnesium-poor, iron-rich varieties. Gemological purposes utilize the broader (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 formula.
Unlike most gemstones found in the Earth’s crust, peridot originates in the Earth’s mantle. It is often found in flattened crystals or granular masses embedded within basic igneous rocks like basalt or gabbro. The gem’s unique formation and occasional presence at meteorite crash sites indicate its extraterrestrial origins as well.
Currently, peridot is mined in several locations worldwide, including the United States (specifically Arizona), China, Pakistan, Myanmar, Vietnam, Norway, Australia, Egypt, Hawaii, and Tanzania. These regions are known for producing high-quality peridot exhibiting vibrant green hues and exceptional clarity.
Gemological Properties
Peridot exhibits several distinct gemological properties. It registers between 6.5 and 7 on the Mohs hardness scale, indicating moderate durability. Its specific gravity ranges from 3.27 to 3.37, making it a relatively dense gemstone. Peridot possesses a distinct cleavage and a conchoidal (shell-like) fracture.
The color of peridot is its most defining characteristic, ranging from deep olive green to pale yellow-green, determined by the amount of iron present in its crystal structure. The most expensive and highly prized peridot displays a deep, vivid green hue with strong color saturation, free of yellow or brown undertones. Larger stones, exceeding 10 carats, are particularly valued for exhibiting this desirable color.
High-quality peridot should be eye-clean, meaning free of visible inclusions that detract from its brilliance and value. A well-executed cut, often in emerald or oval shapes, can maximize the gem’s sparkle and showcase its lush color. While peridot is rarely treated, naturally vibrant and untreated stones from premium sources are highly sought after by collectors and enthusiasts.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.27 - 3.37 |
| Cleavage | Distinct |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Color | Yellow-Green to Olive-Green |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning. It is often associated with strength and balance. Its volcanic origins and connection to lava flows have contributed to its symbolism of fiery energy and renewal. For those born in August, peridot is considered a timeless symbol of warmth, growth, and prosperity.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of peridot requires proper care. Due to its moderate hardness, it is susceptible to scratches and damage from harsh impacts. Regular cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is recommended to remove dirt and oils. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these can damage the gemstone. Professional cleaning and inspection are advisable to check for loose stones or damage to settings.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating August birthstone, stands as a testament to the Earth’s geological wonders. Its unique origin within the Earth’s mantle, coupled with its vibrant green hues and historical significance, makes it a truly remarkable gemstone. From its ancient associations with protection and prosperity to its modern role as a symbol of warmth and growth, peridot continues to enchant and inspire. Its moderate hardness requires careful handling, but with proper care, this gem will retain its brilliance for generations to come.