August boasts not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While all three hold historical and aesthetic appeal, peridot is generally considered the primary August birthstone, celebrated for its distinctive yellow-green hue and fascinating origins. This gem, often referred to as the “space gem,” possesses a rich history intertwined with ancient civilizations, folklore, and even extraterrestrial connections. This article will delve into the geological formation, historical significance, gemological properties, and symbolism of peridot, offering a comprehensive overview of this captivating gemstone.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history stretches back millennia, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient Egypt. Known as the “gem of the sun,” Egyptians believed peridot was formed from volcanic rock and brought to Earth from an “exploding sun.” Mining operations were conducted at night, under the belief that the gem absorbed the sun’s rays and released them in the darkness. This association with sunlight imbued peridot with protective qualities, and it was used in jewelry and amulets to ward off evil spirits and “terrors of the night.” Some accounts detail the practice of stringing peridot on donkey hair and tying it around the left arm for protection.
The Romans, too, held peridot in high regard, calling it the “evening emerald” due to its ability to seemingly glow in the dark. This misidentification as emerald was a recurring theme throughout history, as peridot’s color can closely resemble that of its more famous green counterpart. Indeed, many gems historically believed to be emeralds, such as those adorning the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral, are now known to be peridot.
Biblical references suggest peridot, then known as chrysolite (from the Greek chrysolithos, meaning golden stone), was used in the breastplate worn by Aaron, Moses’ brother. The gem’s association with priests and religious artifacts further solidified its esteemed status. Throughout the medieval period, peridot continued to be valued in ecclesiastical jewelry and chalices, serving as a protective talisman against negative energies. The word “peridot” itself originates from the Arabic faridat, meaning gem, highlighting its long-held preciousness. Peridot is also the traditional gemstone given to celebrate a 16th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is the gem variety of the mineral olivine, with a chemical formula of (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄. Its color is a result of the iron content within the olivine structure. Uniquely, peridot can be found in rather extraordinary locations. While most peridot used in contemporary jewelry originates from sources like China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States, it has also been discovered in fallen meteorites and even on the Moon.
Peridot found within meteorites, specifically Pallasite Meteorites, are typically too small for use in jewelry. However, larger, gem-quality stones are commonly found in the Earth’s upper mantle and brought to the surface through volcanic activity. The Egyptian island of Zabargad, historically known as Topazios, is the oldest recorded source of peridot, with mining potentially beginning as early as 340–279 BCE. Despite producing beautiful specimens, Zabargad’s harsh conditions earned it ominous nicknames like the Island of Death and Ophiodes (“snake island”). Peridot from Zabargad remains highly prized and can be found in prestigious museum collections worldwide. A unique source is Peridot Beach in Hawaii, where the sands shimmer with a luminous green hue due to the presence of eroded peridot crystals.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a semi-precious stone known for its consistent green color, which ranges from pale lime green to a richer olive shade. This consistent coloration is due to its iron composition, remaining stable under various lighting conditions. It is often called the “evening emerald” due to its capacity to sparkle under both natural and artificial light.
While often compared to emerald, peridot possesses distinct characteristics that set it apart. It is primarily composed of olivine, magnesium, and iron, giving it a unique luster. Peridot does not exhibit the same degree of brilliance as diamond, but it possesses a vitreous luster that contributes to its appealing appearance.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Color | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Ancient Egyptians associated it with sunlight, believing it possessed protective powers and the ability to ward off evil. The Romans believed it glowed in the dark and offered similar protective benefits.
Modern interpretations continue to emphasize peridot’s positive attributes. It is often associated with abundance, protection, and positivity, making it a popular choice for those born in August. Some believe it brings happiness and a sense of one’s destiny in life. Author Judy Hall suggests that spinel, a related August birthstone, has refreshing properties and can renew energy, helping individuals persevere through challenges and accept victory with humility.
Care and Cleaning
While peridot is relatively durable, it requires careful handling to maintain its beauty. It is susceptible to scratches and damage from harsh chemicals. Cleaning peridot jewelry is best achieved with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. It is also advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities to prevent scratches or impacts.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating August birthstone, stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. From its ancient origins in Egypt and Rome to its modern-day appreciation for its vibrant color and unique geological formation, peridot continues to fascinate and inspire. Its association with sunlight, protection, and positivity, coupled with its intriguing “space gem” status, solidifies its place as a cherished and meaningful gemstone for those born in August and beyond.