Sapphire, a gemstone steeped in history and revered for its captivating beauty, holds a prominent position as the birthstone for September. Belonging to the corundum mineral family, it is renowned for its most recognizable hue – a rich, deep blue – though it appears in a spectrum of colors including pink, yellow, green, and even colorless varieties. Second only to diamonds in hardness, registering a 9 on the Mohs scale, sapphire is a durable and desirable gem, suitable for a wide range of jewelry applications and everyday wear. This article will explore the historical significance, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and associated lore surrounding this remarkable gemstone.
Historical Significance and Lore
The history of sapphire is interwoven with tales of ancient civilizations and enduring symbolism. Ancient Persians held a belief that the earth rested upon a colossal sapphire, its reflection imbuing the sky with its characteristic blue color. This notion speaks to the profound reverence for the gem and its association with the heavens. During the Middle Ages, sapphires were highly valued by the clergy, who wore them as symbols of heaven, often incorporating them into ecclesiastical rings. This practice further cemented the sapphire’s connection to spirituality and divine authority.
Throughout history, sapphires have adorned the crowns and royal regalia of numerous empires, signifying wealth, power, and status. Pope Innocent III, in the 13th century, specifically permitted the use of sapphires in episcopal rings, mandating they be set in pure gold, and believed the gem preserved secrets. The association with royalty and religious figures has contributed to the sapphire’s enduring prestige.
Beyond its association with power, sapphire was also believed to possess protective qualities. St. Jerome, a prominent early Christian writer, regarded sapphire as a gem that shielded its wearer from captivity, fostered peaceful contemplation, and garnered favor from those in positions of authority. This belief in its protective powers extended to travelers, with some varieties, like jacinth (a red-orange zircon), being recommended for long journeys, even believed to indicate approaching storms by becoming dull in inclement weather.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The presence of trace elements, such as iron and titanium, is responsible for the characteristic blue coloration. While blue is the most well-known color, sapphires can occur in almost any hue. It is important to note that red corundum is known as ruby, and is considered a separate gemstone.
The hardness of sapphire, a 9 on the Mohs scale, makes it exceptionally durable and resistant to scratching. This property, combined with its brilliance and color, contributes to its desirability in jewelry. Sapphires exhibit a vitreous luster and can be found in both transparent and translucent forms.
The name "sapphire" itself originates from the Greek word "sappheiros," meaning simply "blue." The gem’s color is a defining characteristic, with the most prized sapphires exhibiting a deep, velvety blue. However, variations in tone and saturation are common, and sapphires are also found in shades of purple, yellow, black, and orange.
September 22nd and Associated Birthstones
Individuals born on September 22nd fall under the zodiac sign of Virgo, known for its meticulous nature and analytical mind. While sapphire is the primary birthstone for September, some astrological traditions suggest that jasper may also be a suitable gem for those born on September 20th, 21st, and 22nd. Jasper, with its diverse colors and patterns, is believed to embody wisdom, sympathy, and strength.
Furthermore, September is associated with several other birthstones, including jacinth (a variety of zircon), chrysoprase (a light green quartz), and lapis lazuli. Each of these gems carries its own unique symbolism and historical significance. Jacinth, for example, was thought to foresee changes in weather and health, while chrysoprase was associated with blessings, success, and protection from negative thoughts. Lapis lazuli, a deep blue stone, is linked to Virgo and represents wisdom and truth.
Symbolism and Spiritual Meaning
Throughout history, sapphire has been imbued with a rich tapestry of symbolism. The ancient Greeks associated sapphire with Apollo, the god of light and the sun. In various cultures, the gem has been seen as a symbol of wisdom, loyalty, faith, and nobility.
The Rosicrucian brotherhood, a society claiming ancient wisdom, considered hyacinth (a form of zircon often associated with September) to represent “the true knowledge of absolute love and the triumph over the crude elements of earthly understanding.” This highlights the gem’s association with higher consciousness and spiritual enlightenment.
Sapphire’s connection to religious teachers and its use in ecclesiastical settings underscore its association with spirituality and divine guidance. The belief that sapphire preserved secrets further adds to its mystique and symbolic depth.
Alternative September Birthstones and Their Lore
Beyond sapphire, September boasts a selection of alternative birthstones, each with its own unique history and meaning. Jacinth, a red-orange zircon, was recommended for travelers and believed to foretell changes in weather and health. Chrysoprase, a vibrant green quartz, was associated with blessings, success, and protection from negativity. Lapis lazuli, a deep blue stone, was linked to wisdom and truth.
Jasper, sometimes suggested for those born on September 20th-22nd, has a long history of use in amulets and talismans, believed to embody wisdom, sympathy, and strength. The name "jasper" itself may originate from the French word "j'espère," meaning "I hope," suggesting a connection to optimism and positive expectations.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, sapphire is a relatively durable gemstone. However, like all jewelry, it requires proper care to maintain its brilliance and beauty. Sapphires can be safely cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the gem. It is also advisable to remove sapphire jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities to prevent scratches or damage. Regular cleaning will help to preserve the sapphire’s luster and ensure its enduring beauty.
Conclusion
Sapphire stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. From its ancient origins and association with royalty and spirituality to its exceptional durability and captivating beauty, sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. As the primary birthstone for September, it embodies qualities of wisdom, loyalty, and faith, making it a cherished gem for those born under its influence. The variety of alternative birthstones associated with September further enriches the gemstone landscape, offering a diverse range of options for those seeking a meaningful connection to their birth month. The sapphire’s legacy, woven through centuries of history and lore, ensures its continued prominence in the world of gemstones.