December is a month synonymous with winter, holidays, and the quiet beauty of the season. But it is also a month rich in gemological diversity, offering a selection of birthstones that reflect the cool, serene tones of the season. These December birthstones—Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, Lapis Lazuli, and Turquoise—are not only visually striking but also steeped in history, culture, and symbolic meaning.
This article explores the unique characteristics of each December birthstone, delving into their geological origins, gemological properties, cultural significance, and practical care. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the stones that represent those born in December, this guide provides a comprehensive overview of these captivating gems.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back thousands of years, with roots in ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome. These early cultures believed that wearing a gemstone corresponding to one’s birth month could offer protection, enhance vitality, or bring good fortune. The practice was further refined in medieval Europe, where the Jewish Kabbalah and the Roman Catholic Church played a role in codifying the modern list of birthstones.
For December, the selection of multiple birthstones reflects the diverse cultural and historical influences that have shaped the gemstone trade over centuries. The inclusion of several stones—each with its own color, properties, and symbolism—allows individuals born in December to choose a gem that resonates with their personal style and beliefs.
Lapis Lazuli and Turquoise are among the oldest gems associated with December, both of which have been revered for their beauty and spiritual significance. Lapis Lazuli, with its deep blue hue and flecks of golden pyrite, was a favorite of ancient Egyptian royalty, often used in jewelry and cosmetics. Turquoise, on the other hand, was cherished by Native American and Central Asian cultures for its protective and healing properties.
In the modern era, Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, and Tanzanite have been added to the December birthstone list, bringing a contemporary and vibrant dimension to the collection. These newer additions reflect the evolving nature of the gemstone market and the increasing appreciation for unique colors and gemological properties.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of December birthstones provides insight into their rarity, durability, and value. Each of these gems is formed under specific conditions deep within the Earth, resulting in the distinct colors and characteristics that make them so appealing.
Blue Zircon
Blue Zircon is a naturally occurring gemstone that forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is composed of zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄) and is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which gives it a brilliant sparkle. The blue color of Zircon is achieved through natural heat treatment, which alters the color of the gemstone from its original reddish-brown or yellowish tones.
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some specimens dating back 4.4 billion years. This makes it an invaluable tool for geologists studying the Earth’s early history, as it is resistant to weathering and can retain radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium. These elements have been used in radiometric dating to determine the age of rocks and geological formations.
The most significant sources of Blue Zircon are Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. These countries have long been known for their deposits of high-quality Zircon, and the gemstone is often mined in small to medium sizes. Large, high-quality Blue Zircons are relatively rare and can command high prices in the market.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is a variety of Topaz, a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine (Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂). Natural blue Topaz is extremely rare, and most of the blue Topaz available in the market is created through irradiation and heat treatment. These processes alter the color of the gemstone, resulting in a range of blue shades from light blue to intense cobalt blue.
Topaz is typically found in igneous rocks, particularly in granites and pegmatites. The gemstone is also associated with alluvial deposits, where it has been eroded and transported by water. Major sources of Topaz include Brazil, Mexico, and the United States, with Brazil being the largest producer.
Blue Topaz is highly valued for its clarity, durability, and affordability. It is a popular choice for jewelry, especially in larger sizes, and is often used as an alternative to more expensive blue gemstones such as Tanzanite or Blue Zircon.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively new gemstone in the world of jewelry, having been discovered in Tanzania in 1967. It is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is known for its striking blue to violet color. The gemstone’s color is the result of a natural process involving the presence of vanadium and trace amounts of radiation.
Tanzanite is formed in metamorphic rocks, particularly in schists and gneisses, and is found only in a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. This limited geographic source makes Tanzanite one of the rarest gemstones in the world. The gemstone is mined in a very specific region, covering only about four square miles, which contributes to its exclusivity.
Tanzanite is known for its pleochroism, meaning it displays different colors when viewed from different angles. This property, combined with its high refractive index and strong dispersion, gives Tanzanite a captivating brilliance and depth of color.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a sodium calcium aluminum silicate. It is known for its deep blue color, which is caused by the presence of sulfur in the lazurite structure. Lapis Lazuli is often found with inclusions of other minerals, including pyrite (which gives it a golden fleck appearance) and calcite (which can appear as white veins).
The gemstone is formed under high-pressure conditions, typically in the presence of other minerals that contribute to its unique composition. Lapis Lazuli is most commonly found in Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years. Other sources include Chile, Russia, and the United States, but Afghanistan remains the most significant and historically important source.
Lapis Lazuli is not a true gemstone in the traditional sense, as it is an opaque rock rather than a transparent mineral. However, it has been used for centuries in jewelry, carvings, and decorative objects, particularly in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula Al₂(OH)₃PO₄·4H₂O. It is formed through the interaction of water with copper-bearing rocks, particularly in arid regions where evaporation is high. This process, known as supergene alteration, results in the formation of the characteristic blue to green color of Turquoise.
Turquoise is typically found in veins and nodules within sedimentary rocks such as limestone. It is often associated with other minerals, including quartz, calcite, and iron oxides. The presence of these minerals can affect the color and appearance of the gemstone, creating variations in hue and pattern.
The most significant sources of Turquoise are the southwestern United States, particularly Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico, as well as Iran, China, and Mexico. In the United States, Turquoise has been used by Native American cultures for centuries, particularly by the Navajo, Zuni, and Hopi tribes.
Turquoise is known for its softness and porosity, which makes it susceptible to damage from moisture and chemicals. As a result, it is often stabilized with resins or oils to enhance its durability and luster.
Gemological Properties
Each of December’s birthstones has distinct gemological properties that affect their appearance, durability, and suitability for different types of jewelry. Understanding these properties is essential for both gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry buyers.
Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Refractive Index | Color Range | Transparency | Special Properties |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blue Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | 6.5–7.5 | 1.92–2.01 | Blue, blue-green | Transparent | High dispersion, high refractive index |
Blue Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | 6–7 | 1.61–1.63 | Blue, light blue | Transparent | High clarity, affordable |
Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(PO₄)₃(OH)₃·H₂O | 6–7 | 1.69–1.70 | Blue to violet | Transparent | Strong pleochroism |
Lapis Lazuli | Lazurite (Na,Ca)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(SO₄,S,Cl)₂(OH)₆ | 5–6 | 1.5–1.7 | Deep blue with gold flecks | Opaque | Metamorphic rock |
Turquoise | Al₂(OH)₃PO₄·4H₂O | 5–6 | 1.61–1.65 | Blue to green | Opaque | Porous, often stabilized |
Blue Zircon
Blue Zircon is one of the most brilliant gemstones due to its high refractive index and strong dispersion. It ranks between 6.5 and 7.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it relatively durable for everyday wear. However, it can be susceptible to scratches from harder gemstones or materials such as diamonds. Blue Zircon is typically transparent to slightly translucent and is known for its vivid blue color, which can range from a pale sky blue to a deep cobalt blue.
One of the unique features of Blue Zircon is its ability to display fire, or the rainbow effect caused by the splitting of light into different colors. This property, combined with its high refractive index, makes it a popular choice for jewelry that requires a bright, sparkly appearance.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is known for its clarity and brilliance, with a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale. It is generally more affordable than Blue Zircon and is available in larger sizes, making it a popular choice for rings, pendants, and other types of jewelry. The gemstone’s refractive index is lower than that of Blue Zircon, but it still offers a bright, clean appearance.
Blue Topaz is typically colorless in its natural state and is treated to achieve its blue color. The most common treatment method involves irradiation and heat, which alter the atomic structure of the gemstone and produce a range of blue hues. These treatments are stable and do not fade over time, making Blue Topaz a long-lasting and durable option for jewelry.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale and is known for its strong pleochroism, meaning it displays different colors when viewed from different angles. This property is one of the reasons why Tanzanite is so visually appealing. The gemstone’s refractive index is relatively high, and it is often cut in a way that maximizes its brilliance and color.
Tanzanite is typically transparent to slightly translucent and has a vitreous luster. It is often cut in step or mixed cuts to enhance its color and sparkle. Due to its relatively low hardness, Tanzanite should be handled with care to avoid scratches or damage from impact.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli is a metamorphic rock rather than a true gemstone, and as such, it has a lower hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale. It is opaque and is known for its deep blue color and golden flecks of pyrite. Lapis Lazuli is often polished to a high luster, and it can be carved into intricate designs for use in jewelry, pendants, and decorative objects.
One of the unique features of Lapis Lazuli is its historical significance. It has been used in art and jewelry for thousands of years and is still highly valued today for its beauty and symbolic meaning.
Turquoise
Turquoise has a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale and is typically opaque with a waxy to greasy luster. It is known for its blue to green color, which can vary depending on the presence of impurities such as iron or copper. Turquoise is often stabilized with resins or oils to enhance its durability and luster.
Due to its softness and porosity, Turquoise requires special care to prevent damage from moisture, chemicals, and abrasion. It is often set in protective settings such as bezels or pinstems to minimize the risk of chipping or cracking.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The December birthstones have long been associated with symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. These beliefs vary across cultures and historical periods, but they share a common theme of protection, healing, and spiritual connection.
Blue Zircon
Blue Zircon is believed to bring clarity, focus, and spiritual growth. In ancient times, it was thought to enhance wisdom and intuition, making it a valuable tool for meditation and spiritual exploration. The gemstone’s vibrant blue color is associated with the sky and the ocean, symbolizing freedom, depth, and the vastness of the universe.
Modern metaphysical beliefs suggest that Blue Zircon can help with emotional healing and self-expression. It is often used in crystal healing to promote balance and harmony in the mind and body.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is associated with calmness, serenity, and inner peace. Its soothing blue color is thought to have a calming effect on the mind and emotions, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional balance and stability. In ancient times, Blue Topaz was believed to have protective properties, shielding the wearer from harm and negative energies.
Modern metaphysical practices use Blue Topaz to enhance communication, self-confidence, and creativity. It is also believed to support the throat chakra, which is associated with expression and truth.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is known for its powerful energy and is believed to promote emotional healing and spiritual transformation. Its deep blue to violet color is associated with the heart and throat chakras, making it a powerful tool for opening the heart and expressing emotions.
In ancient times, Tanzanite was believed to bring prosperity and good fortune. It was also used in rituals to connect with higher consciousness and gain insight into one’s life path.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment. In ancient Egypt, it was considered a sacred stone and was used in jewelry, cosmetics, and decorative objects. It was believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge.
Modern metaphysical beliefs suggest that Lapis Lazuli can help with self-awareness, emotional balance, and spiritual growth. It is often used in meditation to promote inner peace and clarity of thought.
Turquoise
Turquoise is one of the most revered gemstones in the world, and its symbolic meaning varies across cultures. In Native American traditions, it is believed to bring protection, good fortune, and spiritual connection. It was often used in ceremonial jewelry and was considered a powerful talisman.
In ancient Egypt, Turquoise was associated with the gods and was used in jewelry and amulets to provide protection and health. It was also believed to have healing properties and was used in remedies for various ailments.
Modern metaphysical beliefs suggest that Turquoise can help with emotional healing, creativity, and communication. It is often used to enhance self-expression and to support the throat chakra.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and value of December’s birthstones. Each gemstone has specific requirements based on its hardness, porosity, and sensitivity to chemicals.
Blue Zircon
Blue Zircon is relatively durable but should be protected from scratches and abrasion. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for Blue Zircon, but steam cleaners should be avoided as they can cause damage to the gemstone.
To prevent scratches, Blue Zircon should be stored separately from harder gemstones such as diamonds or sapphires. It is also important to avoid exposure to harsh chemicals, as these can damage the surface of the gemstone.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is a durable gemstone that can withstand daily wear. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are both safe for Blue Topaz, making it easy to maintain.
Due to its high clarity and affordability, Blue Topaz is a popular choice for everyday jewelry. It is important to avoid exposure to high heat, as this can cause the gemstone to lose its color or become brittle.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is relatively soft and should be handled with care to avoid scratches or damage. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe, but steam cleaners should be avoided as they can cause the gemstone to become dull or cloudy.
To protect Tanzanite, it should be stored in a soft pouch or lined jewelry box to prevent contact with harder gemstones. It is also important to avoid exposure to harsh chemicals, as these can damage the surface of the gemstone.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli is a relatively soft gemstone that requires gentle care. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Harsh chemicals, ultrasonic, and steam cleaners should be avoided as they can damage the surface of the gemstone.
Due to its porosity, Lapis Lazuli should be kept away from moisture and chemicals. It is often stabilized with oils or resins to enhance its durability, and these treatments should be maintained regularly to preserve the gemstone’s luster.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a very soft and porous gemstone that requires special care. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Harsh chemicals, ultrasonic, and steam cleaners should be avoided as they can damage the surface of the gemstone.
Due to its porosity, Turquoise is often stabilized with resins or oils to enhance its durability. These treatments should be maintained regularly to preserve the gemstone’s luster and prevent it from drying out or cracking.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, Lapis Lazuli, and Turquoise—are a diverse and captivating collection of gemstones that reflect the cool, serene tones of the season. Each gemstone has its own unique history, geological properties, and symbolic meaning, making them valuable not only for their beauty but also for their cultural and spiritual significance.
Whether you are drawn to the brilliant blue of Blue Zircon, the calming tones of Blue Topaz, the deep violet of Tanzanite, the regal blue of Lapis Lazuli, or the vibrant blue-green of Turquoise, there is a December birthstone to suit every taste and style. These gems offer a rich tapestry of colors, textures, and meanings that make them perfect for jewelry, collectibles, or meaningful gifts.
Understanding the properties, history, and symbolism of these gemstones allows us to appreciate their beauty and significance more fully. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the stones that represent those born in December, this guide provides a comprehensive overview of these captivating gems.