December is unique among the months, boasting not one, but three recognized birthstones: turquoise, blue zircon, and tanzanite. Each of these gemstones presents a distinct shade of blue, a rich history, and a captivating allure, making them significant choices for those born in the final month of the year. From ancient civilizations valuing turquoise for its protective qualities to the recent discovery of tanzanite, these stones represent a fascinating intersection of geological time and human appreciation.
A History Rooted in Tradition and Discovery
The history of December’s birthstones spans millennia. Turquoise holds the longest documented history, cherished by cultures across the globe for centuries. Evidence suggests its use in jewelry dates back to ancient Egypt, where pharaohs, including King Tut, adorned themselves with the vibrant blue-green stone. Native American tribes, particularly the Apache, also held turquoise in high regard, believing it to be found at the rainbow’s end and possessing the power to enhance accuracy in hunting. It served not only as ornamentation but also as a medium of exchange and a component in ceremonial objects, often carved into representations of birds and animals.
Blue zircon, while less steeped in specific cultural lore than turquoise, has a history stretching back over 2000 years, appearing in jewelry throughout antiquity. However, its significance lies not only in its historical use but also in its geological origins – zircon grains have been dated to 4.3 billion years old, making it one of the oldest minerals on Earth.
Tanzanite is the newcomer to the December birthstone family, with its discovery occurring much more recently, in 1967, at the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Its addition to the official Jewelers of America birthstone chart came in 2002, solidifying its place as a modern and highly sought-after gem.
Geological Origins and Global Sources
The formation and sourcing of these three birthstones differ significantly. Turquoise is formed through a unique geological process involving groundwater rich in copper seeping into bedrock. Over time, reactions with other minerals create the opaque stone, characterized by its distinctive blue-green hues and the natural matrix veins – dark lines and shapes derived from the surrounding rock.
Blue zircon’s origins are far more ancient, existing as a primary mineral in igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks. Its presence in ancient geological formations is a testament to its enduring stability.
Tanzanite, in contrast, is exceptionally rare, found exclusively in a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in northern Tanzania. This limited geographical source contributes to its value and exclusivity. No other deposits of tanzanite are currently known.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
Each of these December birthstones possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to its individual appeal.
Turquoise: This stone is opaque, meaning light cannot pass through it. Its color ranges from vibrant blue to blue-green, often featuring natural matrix veins that create unique patterns.
Blue Zircon: Known for its exceptional brilliance and “fire,” blue zircon boasts a high refractive index, which is responsible for its intense sparkle. This property sets it apart from many other blue gemstones.
Tanzanite: Tanzanite is notable for its pleochroism, meaning it displays different colors depending on the viewing angle. It can exhibit shades of blue, violet, and burgundy.
A comparative table summarizing key properties is provided below:
| Property | Turquoise | Blue Zircon | Tanzanite |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transparency | Opaque | Transparent | Transparent |
| Color | Blue to Blue-Green | Blue | Blue, Violet, Burgundy |
| Pleochroism | No | No | Yes |
| Notable Feature | Matrix Veins | High Refractive Index | Color Change |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been associated with protection and healing, valued by numerous cultures for its perceived ability to ward off negative energy. Native American traditions specifically linked turquoise to accuracy and success in hunting.
While less explicitly tied to ancient metaphysical beliefs, blue zircon is often associated with prosperity and wisdom. Its age and connection to the Earth’s creation story lend it a sense of grounding and stability.
Tanzanite, as a more recently discovered gemstone, has developed more modern associations, often linked to transformation and spiritual growth. Its vibrant color and unique pleochroism are believed to stimulate intuition and enhance psychic abilities.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these December birthstones. Turquoise, being relatively soft, requires gentle handling and should be protected from harsh chemicals and impacts. Cleaning can be done with a soft cloth and mild soapy water.
Blue zircon, with its good hardness, is more durable but can still be chipped with a sharp blow. It can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
Tanzanite, while beautiful, is relatively fragile and susceptible to damage from heat and ultrasonic cleaners. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid sudden temperature changes.
The Evolution of December’s Birthstone List
The designation of birthstones has evolved over time. Originally, different cultures and regions had varying lists of gemstones associated with each month. The modern birthstone chart began to take shape in 1912 with the National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America). Turquoise was among the original December birthstones recognized at this time. Blue zircon was added in 1953, and tanzanite joined the list more recently, in 2002. Today, individuals often choose from both traditional and modern lists, selecting the stone that resonates most with them. Alternative birthstones for December include blue topaz, which is also a popular choice.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, blue zircon, and tanzanite – represent a captivating blend of ancient tradition and modern discovery. Each stone offers a unique beauty, a rich history, and a distinct set of properties. Whether one is drawn to the protective energy of turquoise, the ancient origins of zircon, or the rare allure of tanzanite, these gemstones provide a meaningful connection to the month of December and a lasting symbol of elegance and individuality. Their enduring appeal ensures their continued prominence in the world of gemstones for generations to come.