For those born in August, the month offers the unique privilege of having three official birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. This trio of gems not only adds to the charm of August but also reflects a rich tapestry of historical significance, gemological properties, and symbolic meanings. Each stone carries a distinct character, making them appealing for both collectors and jewelry enthusiasts. This article explores the history, geological characteristics, symbolic meanings, and care tips for these remarkable gemstones, all based on expert sources and historical accounts.
Historical Significance and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with birth months dates back centuries, with roots in ancient Greek and Roman cultures. August, named after the Roman Emperor Augustus, is one of the months that has seen the most evolution in its birthstone selection. Originally, sardonyx was the sole birthstone for August. Over time, peridot was added due to its frequent misidentification with emeralds and other green gemstones. In 2016, spinel was officially designated as the third August birthstone by the Jewelers of America, acknowledging its growing popularity and resemblance to other precious gems like ruby and sapphire.
Sardonyx – The Oldest August Birthstone
Sardonyx is the oldest known August birthstone, with a history spanning over 4,000 years. Composed of two types of chalcedony—sard and onyx—it displays a distinctive banding of warm red or brown tones contrasted with white or black. Ancient civilizations, particularly the Romans, highly valued sardonyx for its beauty and perceived powers. Roman soldiers carried sardonyx as a charm for protection and good luck, and it was commonly used for seals and rings.
The gem also appears in biblical texts; some interpretations suggest it was one of the stones used to carve the High Priest’s breastplate in the Old Testament. Ancient Greeks and Romans believed sardonyx could enhance communication and was especially favored for its role in spiritual and social harmony.
Peridot – The “Gem of the Sun”
Peridot, known for its vibrant yellow-green color, has a long and fascinating history. The Egyptians referred to peridot as the “gem of the sun”, believing it possessed healing powers and could ward off nightmares. The gem’s association with the sun is further reinforced by its volcanic origin—it is often found in basaltic lava flows, such as those in Hawaii.
Historically, peridot was frequently mistaken for emerald and topaz. One famous example is the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral, where what was believed to be emerald was later identified as peridot. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have also been composed of peridot.
The name “peridot” is derived from the Arabic word “fard”, meaning gem, and it was also given a Greek name meaning “to give plenty”, reflecting its symbolic association with abundance and positivity.
Spinel – The Modern Addition
Spinel is the youngest of the August birthstones, officially added in 2016. A gemstone that is often mistaken for ruby or sapphire due to its vibrant red and blue hues, spinel has long been overlooked in the gem world. However, its brilliance and affordability have made it increasingly popular.
Spinel was historically confused with ruby, and some of the most famous “rubies” in history—such as the “Balas Ruby”—are actually spinel. Unlike ruby, which is an aluminum oxide, spinel is composed of magnesium aluminum silicate. It is also harder and more durable, making it a practical choice for everyday jewelry.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological properties of a gemstone helps in appreciating its rarity and value. Each of the August birthstones has a unique formation process and is sourced from different parts of the world.
Peridot
Peridot is a naturally occurring silicate mineral, specifically a variety of olivine. It is one of the few gemstones that can form in volcanic environments, as it is commonly found in basaltic lava rocks. The presence of iron in its crystal structure gives peridot its signature green color, which can vary from yellowish-green to olive green depending on the iron content.
Peridot is found in various locations around the world, including:
- Hawaii: Known for its volcanic activity, Hawaii is a source of peridot that is sometimes found in lava flows.
- Egypt: Ancient Egyptians sourced peridot from Zabargad Island in the Red Sea.
- Madagascar and Burma (Myanmar): These are major modern sources of high-quality peridot.
- Arizona, USA: Peridot is also found in the United States, particularly in metamorphic rocks.
The finest peridots are those with a pure green color and minimal brown or yellow tones. These stones are typically found in smaller sizes, with larger, high-quality peridots being rare.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a banded variety of chalcedony, a form of microcrystalline quartz. It is composed of two distinct layers:
- Sard, which provides the reddish or brownish base.
- Onyx, which contributes the white or black bands.
This unique banding gives sardonyx its distinctive appearance and makes it ideal for cameos and seals.
Historically, sardonyx was sourced from Ida in Turkey, which was a major supplier in ancient times. Today, Brazil, India, and the United States are primary sources for sardonyx. The gemstone is relatively abundant, which makes it more accessible than some other birthstones.
Spinel
Spinel forms in mafic igneous rocks, often associated with lava flows and metamorphic environments. It is composed of magnesium aluminum silicate and is known for its vibrant colors, ranging from deep red and pink to vivid blue and purple. The red spinel, in particular, was often mistaken for ruby before the distinction was understood.
Spinel is found in various locations, including:
- Afghanistan and Myanmar (Burma): These regions are known for their red and blue spinel deposits.
- Tanzania and Vietnam: These are also significant sources of high-quality spinel.
- Brazil and Sri Lanka: These countries produce spinel in a wide range of colors.
The 2016 addition of spinel as an August birthstone was a recognition of its beauty and durability, making it a practical and fashionable choice for modern jewelry.
Gemological Properties
Each of the August birthstones has distinct gemological characteristics that influence their use in jewelry and their value. Here is a detailed comparison of their key properties:
| Property | Peridot | Sardonyx | Spinel |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)₂[SiO₄] | SiO₂ | MgAl₂O₄ |
| Color | Yellow-green to olive green | Brownish red, white, black bands | Red, pink, blue, purple |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5–7 | 6.5–7 | 8 |
| Refractive Index | 1.65–1.70 | 1.48–1.53 | 1.718–1.720 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.25–4.35 | 2.58–2.64 | 3.6–4.0 |
| Cleavage | Poor | None | None |
| Luster | Vitreous | Waxy to vitreous | Vitreous |
| Origin of Name | Arabic "fard", Greek "to give plenty" | From "sard" and "onyx" | From the Latin "spina" (thorn) |
| Primary Sources | Hawaii, Egypt, Madagascar | Turkey, Brazil, India | Myanmar, Afghanistan, Tanzania |
Peridot
Peridot is a silicate mineral with a glassy luster and a relatively low hardness compared to other gemstones. Its yellow-green color is due to the presence of iron, and the intensity of the color depends on the iron content. While peridot is durable enough for everyday wear, it is more susceptible to scratches than harder gems like sapphire or ruby. It is also not suitable for use in rings with active settings, as its poor cleavage can make it vulnerable to chipping.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a banded chalcedony, with a waxy to vitreous luster. It has a moderate hardness, making it suitable for rings and pendants, especially in settings that do not exert excessive pressure. Its distinctive banding makes it ideal for cameos and engraved designs, and it is often used in seals and intaglios. Sardonyx is also relatively resistant to damage, making it a practical choice for everyday jewelry.
Spinel
Spinel is a silicate mineral with a high hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it durable and suitable for everyday wear. It has a glassy luster and a range of vibrant colors, with red and blue being the most popular. Spinel is also free of cleavage, which makes it less prone to chipping or breaking than other gemstones. Its high refractive index gives it a sparkling appearance, similar to ruby or sapphire, but at a more affordable price point.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the August birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties, which have been passed down through history and continue to influence their use in jewelry today.
Peridot
Peridot is often associated with positive energy, abundance, and protection. It is believed to bring good luck and happiness, making it a popular choice for those seeking to enhance their emotional well-being. Some cultures believe peridot can ward off nightmares and negative thoughts, promoting peace and tranquility.
In ancient Egypt, peridot was considered a healing stone, used in amulets and talismans to purify the body and mind. It was also associated with the sun, reinforcing its connection to light, energy, and vitality.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a stone of protection, courage, and communication. It was historically used by Roman soldiers as a charm for victory in battle and to enhance their ability to speak clearly and confidently. In modern times, sardonyx is believed to promote emotional stability and self-expression, making it a valuable tool for those in leadership or communication roles.
It is also associated with prosperity and success, and is often worn to attract abundance and good fortune. Sardonyx is considered a stone of balance, helping to harmonize relationships and bring order to chaotic situations.
Spinel
Spinel is a stone of passion, love, and vitality. It is often used in romantic jewelry and is believed to strengthen emotional bonds and enhance love and affection. Red spinel, in particular, is associated with passion and energy, while blue spinel is linked to calm and serenity.
Spinel is also believed to enhance courage and confidence, making it a valuable stone for those facing challenges or making important decisions. Its vibrant colors and high energy make it a symbol of life and vitality, encouraging the wearer to live with enthusiasm and purpose.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of gemstone jewelry. The following are specific care instructions for each of the August birthstones:
Peridot
Peridot has a relatively low hardness, so it should be handled with care to avoid scratches or damage. It is not recommended for use in rings with active settings, such as prong or tension settings, as these can exert pressure on the gemstone and cause it to chip or crack.
To clean peridot, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Store peridot separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is more resilient than peridot, but it still requires gentle care. It is not sensitive to heat or chemicals, making it easier to clean. A soft brush and mild soap can be used to remove dirt and grime.
Sardonyx can be cleaned with ultrasonic cleaners, but it is best to avoid prolonged exposure to harsh chemicals or extreme temperatures. Store sardonyx in a cool, dry place to prevent discoloration or damage.
Spinel
Spinel is a hard and durable gemstone, making it ideal for everyday wear. It can be cleaned with ultrasonic or steam cleaners, and is resistant to scratches and damage. However, it is still advisable to avoid exposure to harsh chemicals or extreme temperatures, as these can affect the gemstone’s color and clarity.
To maintain the brilliance of spinel, polish it with a soft cloth and mild soap. Store spinel separately from softer gemstones to prevent scratching.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—are a testament to the rich history and diversity of gemstones. Each stone offers unique beauty, symbolism, and properties, making them valuable additions to any jewelry collection. Whether you are drawn to the sunlit glow of peridot, the vibrant hues of spinel, or the banded elegance of sardonyx, these gemstones are sure to enhance your style and bring positive energy to your life.
For those born in August, these stones are not just ornamental treasures, but also symbols of protection, courage, and prosperity. With proper care and appreciation, they can be cherished for generations, continuing to spark joy and wonder in those who wear them.