The world of gemstones offers a rich tapestry of color, history, and symbolism, and the tradition of birthstones adds a personal touch to this enduring fascination. While many months are associated with a single gemstone, both August and June boast three recognized birthstones, offering a diverse selection for those born within these months. These gems – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx for August, and pearl, alexandrite, and moonstone for June – each possess unique characteristics and a captivating history. This article will explore the origins, properties, and significance of these six treasured stones, drawing solely from available sources.
A History of Multiple Birthstones
The concept of birthstones has evolved over time. Originally, ancient lists assigned a single gem to each month, often based on astrological associations. However, as jewelry markets expanded and consumer preferences diversified, the tradition adapted. The Jewelry Industry Council of America introduced additional birthstones in 1952, including alexandrite for June, citrine for November, pink tourmaline for October, and zircon for December. Further additions followed in 2002 and 2016, with Tanzanite added to December and spinel designated as a birthstone for August. Today, three lists – ancient, traditional, and modern – coexist, offering a range of choices for those seeking a birthstone that resonates with them.
The August Birthstones: Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx
August is unique in having three official birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Sardonyx holds the distinction of being the oldest August birthstone on record, appearing in historical texts as one of the gems in the high priest’s breastplate and among the foundation stones of Jerusalem. While topaz was historically referenced in similar contexts, some scholars believe these references often pertained to what is now known as peridot, due to their similar coloring. The modern and traditional lists both include peridot and spinel, offering a vibrant range of options.
Peridot: The Gem of the Sun
Peridot, a captivating green gemstone, is perhaps the most well-known of the August birthstones. Its name is derived from the Greek word “peridona,” meaning “giving of light.” Ancient Egyptians revered peridot as the “gem of the sun,” believing it possessed protective qualities against nightmares and the ability to bestow confidence, health, and positive energy. The earliest known source of peridot was the volcanic island of Zabargad in the Red Sea, which remained a significant source until the early 20th century. Today, peridot is also mined in Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, the United States (Hawaii), and China.
Peridot is unique in that it occurs in only one color: a vivid lime-green to olive-green shade. This color is a result of the iron content within the crystal structure. It is a type of olivine mineral, formed deep within the Earth’s mantle and brought to the surface through volcanic activity or tectonic plate movement. Throughout history, peridot has been valued by European royals and clergy, adorning church altars and clerical robes during the Middle Ages and remaining popular throughout the Victorian era.
Spinel: A Spectrum of Hues
Spinel, a relatively recent addition to the list of August birthstones (officially recognized in 2016), is available in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, purple, blue, and green. Different colors have been given industry-specific names, such as rubicelle for yellow-orange, almandine for purple, sapphirine for blue, and chlorospinel for green. Red spinel, in particular, is often associated with the heart. Spinel is believed to possess refreshing properties, renewing energy and fostering humility in victory.
Sardonyx: A Banded Beauty
Sardonyx, the oldest of the August birthstones, is a banded variety of chalcedony, composed of layers of sard (reddish-brown) and onyx (black). It was historically valued for its use in creating cameos and intaglios. Its biblical significance and long history contribute to its enduring appeal.
The June Birthstones: Pearl, Alexandrite, and Moonstone
June, like August, offers a trio of birthstone choices: pearl, alexandrite, and moonstone. These gems represent a diverse range of origins, properties, and symbolic meanings.
Pearl: Tears of the Gods
Pearls, timeless and elegant, are perhaps the most recognizable of the June birthstones. Originating from oceans, lakes, and rivers around the world, pearls have captivated humanity for centuries. Ancient cultures held diverse beliefs about their origins. The Middle East considered them teardrops fallen from heaven, while the Chinese believed they were formed within the brains of dragons. Even Christopher Columbus speculated that pearls were formed from dewdrops. Pearls are a classic and versatile gemstone, beloved by women of all ages.
Alexandrite: A Color-Changing Wonder
Alexandrite, a rare and highly prized gemstone, is known for its remarkable color-changing ability. In daylight, it appears green, while under incandescent light, it shifts to a reddish hue. This phenomenon is due to the presence of chromium within its crystal structure. Alexandrite is a relatively recent addition to the June birthstone list, added in 1952.
Moonstone: The Stone of Intuition
Moonstone, with its ethereal glow, is a captivating gemstone often associated with intuition and feminine energy. Its name derives from its adularescence, a shimmering effect caused by the scattering of light within its structure. Moonstone is available in a variety of colors, including white, gray, peach, and rainbow.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
While a comprehensive gemological comparison requires data not provided in the sources, a basic overview can be constructed.
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Composition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Lime-green to Olive-green | 6.5 - 7 | Olivine (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Spinel | Red, Pink, Purple, Blue, Green | 8 | MgAl₂O₄ |
| Sardonyx | Banded Reddish-Brown & Black | 6.5 - 7 | Chalcedony (SiO₂) |
| Pearl | White, Cream, Pink, Black | 2.5 - 4.5 | Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃) |
| Alexandrite | Green (daylight), Red (incandescent) | 8.5 | Beryllium Aluminum Oxide (BeAl₂O₄) with Chromium |
| Moonstone | White, Gray, Peach, Rainbow | 6 - 6.5 | Feldspar (NaAlSi₃O₈ - KAlSi₃O₈) |
(Note: Hardness values are approximate and based on general gemological data. Specific values may vary.)
Care and Cleaning
The appropriate care for each birthstone depends on its hardness and composition. Peridot, spinel, and sardonyx, with their moderate hardness, can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Pearls, being relatively soft, require gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soap. Alexandrite and moonstone should also be cleaned with care, avoiding harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners.
Conclusion
The birthstones associated with August and June represent a diverse and captivating collection of gemstones, each with a unique history, geological origin, and symbolic meaning. From the ancient reverence for peridot as the “gem of the sun” to the ethereal glow of moonstone and the color-changing magic of alexandrite, these stones continue to fascinate and inspire. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, historical significance, or perceived metaphysical properties, these birthstones offer a personal connection to the natural world and a celebration of the months in which they are associated.