August is a unique month in the calendar of birthstones, distinguished by not one, but three recognized gems: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While peridot is often considered the primary August birthstone, the inclusion of spinel and sardonyx provides a diverse range of options for those born in this summer month, each with its own distinct history, properties, and symbolism. This article will explore the origins, characteristics, and cultural significance of these three August birthstones, drawing upon historical accounts and gemological understanding.
History and Lore
The association of gemstones with specific months has ancient roots, evolving over time through religious traditions, cultural beliefs, and mineralogical discoveries. The modern standardization of birthstones occurred in the 20th century, but the practice of linking gems to months dates back millennia. Sardonyx holds the longest history as an August birthstone, with evidence of its use dating back over 4,000 years. Peridot’s history is equally rich, with documented use in ancient Egypt as early as 1500 BC, where it was known as the “gem of the sun.” Spinel, while historically mistaken for ruby, gained recognition as a distinct gemstone more recently, becoming a formally recognized August birthstone in 2016, joining peridot and sardonyx.
Ancient Egyptians highly valued peridot, sourcing it from the volcanic island of Zabargad in the Red Sea. They believed the gem possessed protective qualities, warding off nightmares and bestowing confidence, health, and positive energy upon the wearer. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have actually consisted largely of peridot. During the Middle Ages, peridot continued to be prized in Europe, adorning church altars and clerical robes. Its popularity persisted through the Victorian era, frequently appearing in jewelry designs.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, formed under extreme conditions deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, found in hardened lava flows and, remarkably, even in meteorites. The Red Sea island of Topazios, historically believed to be a source of topaz, was in fact a significant source of peridot. Zabargad remained a key source until the early 20th century.
Spinel’s formation is often linked to metamorphic processes in marble and other metamorphic rocks. It can be found in various locations worldwide, offering a range of colors that led to its historical confusion with ruby. Sardonyx, a variety of chalcedony, is formed through the layering of silica in volcanic environments.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is characterized by its vibrant olive green to yellowish-green color, a result of its iron content. It possesses a glassy luster and is unique among gemstones for occurring in only one color, though the intensity of the green can vary.
Spinel, in contrast, exhibits a wide spectrum of colors, including red, pink, blue, purple, and black. Its durability and vibrant hues have contributed to its growing popularity as an alternative to ruby.
Sardonyx is distinguished by its distinctive banding of red-brown and white layers, a result of the parallel growth of chalcedony.
A comparison of the hardness of these stones on the Mohs scale is as follows (data not provided in sources, therefore omitted).
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these August birthstones has been attributed with specific meanings and powers. Peridot is associated with good health, peace, harmony, compassion, restful sleep, and even as a potential aid in managing anger and depression. It is believed to promote positivity and resilience.
Spinel is often linked to revitalization and renewal, offering a boost of energy and encouraging positive transformation.
Sardonyx symbolizes courage and strength, representing a grounding force that promotes stability and willpower.
These metaphysical beliefs, while not scientifically proven, contribute to the enduring appeal of these gemstones and their significance as personal talismans.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners.
Spinel, being a more durable gemstone with a hardness of 8, can withstand more rigorous wear. It can be cleaned similarly to peridot, using warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
Sardonyx, also relatively durable, can be cleaned with mild soap and water. Due to its banded structure, avoid abrasive cleaners that could dull its surface.
The Expanding List of August Birthstones
Historically, other gemstones have also been associated with August, reflecting diverse cultural traditions. Moonstone, with its characteristic adularescence, was believed to offer protection and connect to feminine energy. Topaz, particularly the yellow variety, symbolized strength and optimism. Ruby, in the Hindu tradition, represented courage and mental clarity, while diamond, in the Tibetan calendar, signified endurance and purity. These additional associations highlight the rich and varied history of birthstone lore.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent a captivating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. From the ancient Egyptians’ reverence for peridot as the “gem of the sun” to the recent recognition of spinel as a vibrant alternative to ruby, these gemstones offer a diverse range of beauty and meaning for those born in the eighth month of the year. Their unique properties and enduring appeal ensure their continued significance in the world of gemstones.