August is unique among birth months, represented not by a single gemstone, but by three: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While peridot holds the position as the most recognized August birthstone, the inclusion of spinel and the historical significance of sardonyx contribute to a rich and diverse selection for those born in the eighth month. The journey to this trio of gemstones reflects evolving traditions and a desire to modernize the established birthstone list. This article will explore the history, origins, and significance of each of these August birthstones, drawing solely from available sources.
A Shifting Tradition: From Sardonyx to a Trio
For centuries, sardonyx served as the primary, and often sole, birthstone for August. Its presence in historical texts, such as mentions in the Old Testament as one of the twelve stones worn on the breastplate of the High Priest Aaron, demonstrates a long-standing association with the month. When the National Association of Jewelers began standardizing birthstones in 1912, peridot was added as a secondary option, gradually gaining prominence. However, the most recent addition to the August birthstone family occurred in 2016, with spinel officially recognized alongside peridot and sardonyx. This addition brought August into line with June and December, which also boast three designated birthstones. The motivation behind this expansion was to offer a wider range of choices and reflect a more contemporary understanding of gemstones.
Peridot: The Classic August Gem
Peridot, characterized by its distinctive olive-green hue, is currently considered the primary birthstone for August. Its color intensity varies depending on the amount of iron present within its crystal structure. Uniquely, peridot is one of the few gemstones formed not in the Earth’s crust, but in the molten rock of the upper mantle. This unusual origin contributes to its relative rarity, despite olivine – the mineral family to which peridot belongs – being a common substance. Remarkably, peridot has even been discovered within meteorites, differing from its terrestrial counterparts by lacking nickel content.
Sources indicate that peridot’s name origin remains unclear, though its association with lava flows, particularly in Arizona and Hawaiʻi, has cemented its connection to the warmth of August. Ancient civilizations valued peridot, believing it possessed protective qualities and the ability to ward off evil. Modern interpretations attribute symbolism of strength, happiness, and good fortune to the gem, believing it can attract wealth, promote harmony, and inspire clear thinking.
Spinel: The Newest Addition
Spinel is the most recent addition to the August birthstone list, officially recognized in 2016 by the American Gem Trade Association and Jewelers of America. Unlike peridot, spinel is not limited to a single color; it can be found in a vibrant spectrum of hues, including red, pink, green, orange, blue, and even black. This wide range of colors offers a diverse selection for those seeking an August birthstone.
While its inclusion is recent, spinel has a rich history as a gemstone often mistaken for ruby or sapphire due to its similar appearance. This historical confusion contributed to its relative obscurity until its distinct gemological properties were fully understood. The addition of spinel to the August birthstone list was part of a broader effort to modernize the birthstone designations and provide more options for consumers.
Sardonyx: The Ancient Legacy
Sardonyx, the oldest of the August birthstones, is a banded chalcedony composed of sard (reddish-brown) and onyx (typically white or black) layers. The name itself reflects this composition, derived from the combination of “sard” and “onyx.” Historically, sardonyx held significant cultural and religious importance, appearing in ancient texts and believed to offer protection and security.
India currently serves as the primary producer of sardonyx, particularly stones exhibiting a strong contrast between the colored layers. Other sources include Brazil, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Madagascar, Uruguay, and the United States. While its prominence has diminished with the rise of peridot and spinel, sardonyx remains a significant part of August’s birthstone heritage, representing a connection to ancient traditions and beliefs.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
While each birthstone possesses unique characteristics, a brief overview of their gemological properties provides a comparative understanding.
| Property | Peridot | Spinel | Sardonyx |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Mg,FeSiO₄ | MgAl₂O₄ | SiO₂ |
| Color | Olive Green | Varied | Banded Red/Brown |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 | 8 | 6.5 - 7 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic | Isometric | Trigonal |
| Luster | Vitreous | Vitreous | Waxy |
The Mohs hardness scale indicates spinel’s superior durability at 8, making it more resistant to scratching than peridot and sardonyx, both of which register between 6.5 and 7. This difference in hardness is a practical consideration when selecting jewelry, particularly for pieces intended for everyday wear.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the August birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs. Peridot is associated with strength, happiness, and good fortune, believed to attract wealth and promote harmonious relationships. Spinel, with its diverse colors, is often linked to revitalization and overcoming challenges. Sardonyx, historically, was thought to provide courage, protection, and strength in times of difficulty. Astrologers throughout history have assigned gemstones to months and zodiac signs, believing each stone bestows security and protection upon those born within that period.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of these August birthstones requires understanding their individual properties. Peridot, with its moderate hardness, is susceptible to scratching and should be protected from harsh impacts. Cleaning can be achieved with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Spinel, being more durable, can withstand more rigorous cleaning, but ultrasonic cleaners should be avoided. Sardonyx, also relatively delicate, benefits from gentle cleaning with mild soap and water. Avoid abrasive cleaners or harsh chemicals for all three gemstones.
Conclusion
The story of August’s birthstones is one of evolution and expansion. From the ancient legacy of sardonyx to the modern prominence of peridot and the recent addition of spinel, the month offers a diverse and meaningful selection of gemstones. Each stone carries its own unique history, symbolism, and gemological properties, providing a wealth of choices for those seeking a connection to their birth month. The inclusion of three birthstones reflects a growing appreciation for the variety and beauty found within the world of gemstones, offering August-born individuals a truly personalized and significant connection to their birthstone.