December is a unique month in the world of birthstones, as it is the only month that includes multiple gemstones. Those born in December have the option to choose from four distinct gemstones: turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz. These stones are celebrated for their striking blue hues, historical significance, and symbolic meanings. In this article, we will explore the properties, history, cultural significance, and care instructions for each of these gemstones, offering a comprehensive look into the December birthstones.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones dates back centuries, with roots in ancient biblical texts. The earliest known reference to birthstones is found in the Bible’s Book of Exodus, which lists twelve stones for the breastplate of the High Priest. However, the list and meanings of these stones have evolved over time, and the modern list of birthstones was standardized in the early 20th century.
December’s selection of gemstones has changed significantly over the years. In 1870, turquoise was designated as the official birthstone for December in a pamphlet titled “Gregorian Birthstone Poems” by Tiffany & Co. By 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now known as the Jewelers of America) included turquoise as the primary December birthstone and lapis lazuli as an alternative. In 1952, blue zircon was added to the list by the Jewelry Industry Council of America, and in 2002, tanzanite was introduced as a modern addition.
The inclusion of multiple gemstones for December reflects the diversity of choices available to consumers. Each stone offers a different color, price point, and historical significance, allowing individuals to select a birthstone that aligns with their personal preferences and style.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise
Turquoise is a copper aluminum phosphate mineral that forms in arid environments. It is created when rainwater or melted snow percolates through copper ore deposits known as copper porphyry. The acidic solution formed by the interaction of water with copper sulfides in the ore reacts with aluminum and potassium in the surrounding rocks, resulting in the formation of turquoise. This process typically occurs in weathered volcanic rock and sedimentary rock in arid regions.
Turquoise is found in several countries, including the United States, Egypt, Iran, China, and Mexico. It is a relatively soft gemstone, with a Mohs scale hardness of five to six. Due to its porous nature, turquoise is susceptible to damage from chemicals, oils, and moisture, which can cause discoloration or changes in its appearance.
Zircon
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back over 4 billion years. It is a zirconium silicate mineral that can occur in a variety of colors, including blue, green, yellow, and brown. Blue zircon, also known as starblue zircon, is the most common variety associated with December. It is formed under high-temperature conditions and is often heat-treated to enhance its color.
Zircon is found in various parts of the world, including Australia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Brazil. It is known for its brilliance and fire, which are due to its high refractive index and dispersion. Zircon is a durable gemstone with a Mohs scale hardness of six to seven, making it suitable for use in jewelry.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a rare and valuable gemstone that was first discovered in 1967 in Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. It is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is known for its striking blue to violet color. Tanzanite’s unique color is due to its trichroic nature, meaning it can display three different colors depending on the angle of light. This gemstone is also notable for its pleochroism, which allows it to display different colors when viewed from different directions.
Tanzanite is only found in one location in the world, making it a highly sought-after gemstone. It has a Mohs scale hardness of six to seven, which makes it suitable for jewelry but requires careful handling to avoid scratches and chips.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a color-treated form of topaz, a silicate mineral that occurs in a variety of colors, including yellow, brown, and colorless. The blue color in blue topaz is achieved through irradiation and heat treatment. This treatment enhances the gemstone’s natural properties and results in a vibrant blue hue.
Blue topaz is found in several countries, including Brazil, Nigeria, and the United States. It is a relatively hard gemstone with a Mohs scale hardness of eight, making it durable and suitable for everyday wear in jewelry.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise
Turquoise is an opaque gemstone with a distinctive blue to greenish-blue color. It is known for its unique veining patterns, which can vary depending on the location of the deposit. These patterns add to the stone’s individuality and make each piece of turquoise jewelry unique.
Chemically, turquoise is composed of copper aluminum phosphate. Its porous nature makes it susceptible to damage from chemicals and moisture, which can cause discoloration or changes in its appearance. Turquoise has a specific gravity of 2.6 to 2.8 and a refractive index of 1.61 to 1.65.
Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral that can occur in a variety of colors, including blue, green, yellow, and brown. Blue zircon is the most common variety associated with December. It is known for its brilliance and fire, which are due to its high refractive index and dispersion.
Zircon has a specific gravity of 4.6 to 4.8 and a refractive index of 1.92 to 2.01. It is a durable gemstone with a Mohs scale hardness of six to seven, making it suitable for use in jewelry.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a rare and valuable gemstone that is a variety of the mineral zoisite. It is known for its striking blue to violet color and its trichroic nature, which allows it to display three different colors depending on the angle of light. Tanzanite also exhibits pleochroism, which means it can display different colors when viewed from different directions.
Tanzanite has a specific gravity of 3.3 to 3.5 and a refractive index of 1.69 to 1.70. It is a durable gemstone with a Mohs scale hardness of six to seven, making it suitable for jewelry but requiring careful handling to avoid scratches and chips.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a color-treated form of topaz, a silicate mineral that occurs in a variety of colors, including yellow, brown, and colorless. The blue color in blue topaz is achieved through irradiation and heat treatment. This treatment enhances the gemstone’s natural properties and results in a vibrant blue hue.
Blue topaz has a specific gravity of 3.5 to 3.6 and a refractive index of 1.62 to 1.64. It is a relatively hard gemstone with a Mohs scale hardness of eight, making it durable and suitable for everyday wear in jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise
Turquoise has been used for centuries in various cultures for its symbolic and metaphysical properties. It is believed to dispel negative energy, provide protection against pollutants in the environment, and enhance intuition. Turquoise is also thought to release inhibitions and prohibitions, allowing the soul to express itself freely.
In ancient times, turquoise was highly valued by cultures such as the Egyptians, Chinese, and Native Americans. It was used in jewelry, amulets, and religious artifacts. The stone was believed to bring good fortune, protection, and spiritual guidance.
Zircon
Zircon is celebrated for its brilliant fire and rainbow of colors. It is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, giving it significant historical and geological value. Zircon is believed to enhance wisdom, intuition, and spiritual growth. It is also associated with the power of transformation and is said to help individuals overcome obstacles and achieve their goals.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is highly prized for its unique blue to violet color and its rarity. It is believed to promote emotional healing, balance, and spiritual awareness. Tanzanite is also associated with the power of transformation and is said to help individuals overcome challenges and achieve their full potential.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is believed to channel inner wisdom and help individuals find the perfect pathways to successful opportunities. It is associated with calmness, serenity, and clarity of thought. Blue topaz is also believed to enhance communication and self-expression, making it a popular choice for those who seek to improve their interpersonal relationships.
Care and Cleaning
Turquoise
Due to its porous nature, turquoise requires special care to maintain its appearance. It should be stored in a jewelry pouch or box to prevent scratches from other stones. Turquoise should also be kept away from chemicals such as lotions, creams, and perfumes, as these can cause discoloration or changes in its appearance.
When cleaning turquoise jewelry, it is recommended to use a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can damage the stone. Turquoise should also be kept away from extreme temperatures and direct sunlight, as these can cause it to lose its water content and change color.
Zircon
Zircon is a durable gemstone with a Mohs scale hardness of six to seven, making it suitable for use in jewelry. However, it should be handled with care to avoid scratches and chips. Zircon can be cleaned using a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can cause damage to the stone.
Zircon should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. It should also be kept away from chemicals and extreme temperatures to maintain its appearance.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a durable gemstone with a Mohs scale hardness of six to seven, making it suitable for jewelry. However, it should be handled with care to avoid scratches and chips. Tanzanite can be cleaned using a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can cause damage to the stone.
Tanzanite should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. It should also be kept away from chemicals and extreme temperatures to maintain its appearance.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a relatively hard gemstone with a Mohs scale hardness of eight, making it durable and suitable for everyday wear in jewelry. It can be cleaned using a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can cause damage to the stone.
Blue topaz should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. It should also be kept away from chemicals and extreme temperatures to maintain its appearance.
Conclusion
The December birthstones—turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz—offer a diverse selection of gemstones for those born in this winter month. Each stone has its own unique characteristics, history, and symbolism, allowing individuals to choose a birthstone that aligns with their personal preferences and style.
Turquoise is known for its distinctive blue to greenish-blue color and its historical significance in various cultures. Zircon is celebrated for its brilliance and fire, as well as its geological importance. Tanzanite is a rare and valuable gemstone that is highly prized for its unique color and rarity. Blue topaz is a color-treated form of topaz that is known for its vibrant blue hue and durability.
When choosing a December birthstone, it is important to consider the gemstone’s properties, care requirements, and symbolic meanings. Whether you prefer the ancient allure of turquoise, the brilliance of zircon, the rarity of tanzanite, or the durability of blue topaz, there is a December birthstone that is perfect for you.