Ruby, the resplendent red birthstone of July, holds a revered place in the world of gemology, jewelry, and cultural traditions. As one of the traditional cardinal gemstones and the most valuable variety of corundum (after sapphire), ruby is celebrated for its deep, fiery hue and exceptional hardness. Its allure has captivated civilizations for millennia, from ancient Indian and Burmese cultures to the Renaissance courts of Europe. For those born in July, ruby not only symbolizes vitality and passion but also carries a rich historical and geological significance. This article delves into the origins, properties, symbolism, and care of ruby, as well as its role as a dual birthstone for July alongside onyx.
History and Lore
Ruby’s history is as vivid as its color. The name “ruby” originates from the Latin word ruber, meaning “red,” a color long associated with life, love, and power. In ancient India, ruby was known as ratnaraj, or “king of precious stones,” and was believed to possess divine and mystical properties. Ancient Hindus offered rubies to the god Krishna, seeking divine favor and the promise of rebirth as an emperor. The gemstone was also a symbol of the sun in many cultures, embodying vitality and energy.
In medieval Europe, ruby was regarded as a stone of protection and wisdom. Some believed it could predict danger or misfortune, while others claimed it could cure inflammatory diseases and soothe anger. Burmese warriors, particularly during the 18th and 19th centuries, carried rubies into battle, believing the gemstone made them invincible. These beliefs, though rooted in superstition, reflect the deep cultural significance ruby held in different societies.
Ruby’s journey as a birthstone for July is intertwined with its long-standing association with power and passion. While ruby is the primary modern birthstone for July, the month also traditionally honors onyx. The dual birthstone tradition reflects the distinction between modern and traditional birthstones, with ruby being the more widely recognized and commercially available option today.
Geological Formation and Sources
Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum, with its characteristic red coloration derived from trace amounts of the element chromium. Corundum, which also includes sapphire, is one of the hardest minerals on Earth, ranking 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This makes ruby not only durable but also highly suitable for everyday wear in jewelry.
Ruby forms under intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth’s crust, typically in metamorphic rocks. The presence of chromium in the corundum crystal structure gives the gemstone its red hue. The most prized rubies exhibit a deep red with a subtle purplish secondary tone, known in the trade as “pigeon’s blood.” This coloration is particularly associated with rubies from Myanmar (formerly Burma), where the Mogok Valley has been a historically significant source of high-quality rubies.
For many years, Myanmar was the primary supplier of fine rubies to the global market. However, in 2003, the United States imposed a ban on the import of rubies and jade from Myanmar due to concerns over unethical labor practices and military control over the mines. The ban was lifted in 2016 under President Barack Obama, as Myanmar transitioned toward democracy, allowing the resumption of trade in these precious stones.
In addition to Myanmar, ruby deposits are found in Thailand, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and parts of Africa, including Tanzania and Mozambique. Each location produces rubies with distinct characteristics, though none quite match the legendary quality of Burmese stones.
Gemological Properties
Ruby is a gemstone of exceptional beauty and durability, making it ideal for fine jewelry. Its physical and optical properties are as follows:
- Chemical Formula: Al₂O₃ (aluminum oxide) with trace amounts of chromium
- Color: Red, ranging from deep crimson to orange-red and purple-red. The most desirable color is often referred to as “pigeon’s blood.”
- Hardness: 9 on the Mohs scale, second only to diamond
- Refractive Index: 1.76–1.78
- Specific Gravity: 3.97–4.05
- Crystal System: Trigonal (hexagonal close-packed)
- Cleavage: Slight, but not easily noticeable
- Luster: Vitreous (glassy)
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Inclusions: Common in natural rubies; these can include mineral crystals, feathers, and silk-like structures
Ruby’s high refractive index and strong body color make it one of the most brilliant and visually striking gemstones. Its hardness ensures that it can be cut into a variety of shapes, including emerald, oval, round, and princess cuts, without easily chipping or scratching.
Due to its rarity and beauty, ruby is often heat-treated to enhance its color and clarity. This process is widely accepted in the gemstone trade and does not diminish the stone’s value. Some rubies may also be treated with beryllium diffusion or other methods to improve color, though these treatments are less common and must be disclosed to the buyer.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Ruby has long been associated with powerful symbolism and metaphysical properties across various cultures. In ancient times, it was believed to represent the life force of the body, with its red color symbolizing vitality and the essence of blood. In Indian culture, ruby was considered a symbol of love and was often used in engagement rings and wedding jewelry. It was also thought to bring prosperity and success to those who wore it.
In medieval Europe, ruby was believed to have protective qualities. It was said to ward off evil spirits, prevent poisoning, and ensure a long and healthy life. Some believed that the gemstone could detect danger by changing color or becoming warm to the touch. These beliefs, though not scientifically proven, reflect the deep cultural reverence for ruby as a stone of power and protection.
Modern metaphysical beliefs continue to attribute ruby with qualities of courage, passion, and emotional strength. It is often used in crystal healing to stimulate the heart chakra and promote emotional well-being. Some practitioners believe ruby enhances confidence, encourages love, and helps overcome fear and anxiety.
Care and Cleaning
Given its high hardness and durability, ruby is well-suited for everyday wear. However, like all gemstones, it requires proper care to maintain its beauty and longevity. Here are some guidelines for cleaning and caring for ruby jewelry:
- Cleaning: Ruby can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for ruby, though care should be taken if the stone has internal fractures or has been treated with beryllium diffusion, as these treatments may be affected by high-frequency vibrations.
- Avoiding Damage: While ruby is hard, it can still chip if struck with enough force. Avoid wearing ruby jewelry during activities that involve heavy impact or exposure to harsh chemicals.
- Storage: Store ruby jewelry separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. A soft pouch or jewelry box with individual compartments is ideal.
By following these simple care tips, ruby jewelry can retain its brilliance and beauty for generations.
Ruby as a Birthstone and Jewelry Choice
Ruby’s status as the birthstone for July makes it a popular choice for jewelry, particularly among those born in this month. Its vibrant red color and timeless elegance make it a versatile gemstone that complements a wide range of jewelry designs.
Some of the most popular ruby birthstone jewelry pieces include:
- Ruby Birthstone Necklace: A ruby necklace is a timeless and elegant accessory that adds a touch of sophistication to any outfit. Whether set in gold, silver, or platinum, a ruby necklace is a cherished gemstone piece.
- Ruby Birthstone Ring: A ruby ring is a classic choice for engagement rings or anniversary gifts. It symbolizes love, commitment, and enduring passion.
- Ruby Birthstone Bracelet: A ruby bracelet is a delicate yet striking accessory that can be worn daily. It is particularly popular among those who appreciate subtle yet meaningful jewelry.
- Ruby Birthstone Earrings: Ruby earrings offer a subtle yet elegant way to wear the birthstone. They are ideal for both casual and formal occasions.
Ruby is also associated with the 15th and 40th wedding anniversaries, making it a meaningful and symbolic choice for couples celebrating these milestones.
Conclusion
Ruby, the resplendent red birthstone of July, is a gemstone of extraordinary beauty, history, and symbolism. From its ancient roots in Indian and Burmese cultures to its modern status as a coveted gem in fine jewelry, ruby has captivated the hearts of many. Its deep red color, exceptional hardness, and rarity make it one of the most valuable gemstones in the world. Whether worn as a birthstone, an anniversary gift, or a symbol of power and passion, ruby continues to shine as a timeless treasure. For those born in July, ruby is not just a gemstone—it is a symbol of vitality, love, and enduring strength.