August boasts a unique distinction among the months – it possesses not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While spinel is a more recent addition to the list, gaining recognition in 2016, and sardonyx represents the ancient choice, peridot holds a prominent position as the traditional and most widely recognized August birthstone. Revered for its vibrant green hue and fascinating history, peridot has captivated civilizations for millennia, earning titles like the “evening emerald” and the “gem of the Sun.” This article delves into the geological origins, historical significance, gemological properties, and enduring symbolism of this remarkable gemstone.
History and Lore
The story of peridot is deeply interwoven with ancient history and cultural beliefs. Pliny the Elder, a Roman author and naturalist, documented the existence of peridot – though he initially referred to it as “topazes” – on a small island off the coast of Egypt. This island was zealously guarded by the Ancient Egyptians due to the abundance of these prized green gems. The Egyptians held peridot in exceptionally high regard, associating it with power, good health, and good luck. They believed wearing peridot protected against nightmares and evil spirits, and it was frequently incorporated into pharaonic jewelry and funerary artifacts, even adorning the tombs of rulers. In fact, some of Cleopatra’s famed emeralds were, in reality, peridot. This association cemented peridot’s status as the national gem of Egypt.
Beyond Egypt, peridot held significance in other ancient cultures. On the Hawaiian island of Oahu, the green sands of Papakolea Beach are composed largely of crushed olivine, the mineral from which peridot originates. This natural phenomenon further contributed to the gem’s mystique and connection to the natural world. Ancient Egyptians described this August birthstone as the “Gem of the Sun.”
The use of peridot extends back to the 2nd Dynasty of Egypt, over 4,000 years ago, with evidence of its use in seals and signet rings. Hot wax would not adhere to sardonyx, making it ideal for this purpose. Roman soldiers also valued sardonyx, wearing rings engraved with the image of Mars, believing it offered protection in battle. During the Renaissance, orators and public speakers favored sardonyx, believing it enhanced eloquence.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is the gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, a silicate composed of magnesium and iron. Its characteristic green color arises from the presence of iron within its chemical structure, with shades ranging from yellowish-green to olive and dark green depending on the iron content. Unlike many gemstones formed through complex geological processes, peridot originates deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is occasionally brought to the surface through volcanic activity, earning it the Hawaiian name “Pele’s Tears,” a reference to the Hawaiian goddess of fire, Pele.
Remarkably, peridot has even been discovered within meteorites, specifically pallasites – a rare type of stony-iron meteorite containing olivine crystals embedded in an iron-nickel matrix. This extraterrestrial origin adds a unique allure to the gem. While volcanic activity and meteorites are sources, peridot is also found in certain types of lava beds.
Historically, significant sources of peridot included the island off the coast of Egypt mentioned by Pliny the Elder and the island of Oahu in Hawaii. Today, other notable sources include India, Brazil, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Madagascar, Uruguay, and the United States. India is currently a major producer of sardonyx, known for its good contrast between the different colored layers.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a relatively durable gemstone, though it requires careful handling. It typically exhibits a slightly oily or greasy luster, a characteristic that distinguishes it from other green gemstones. While peridot is known for its singular green color, the intensity of the hue can vary.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellowish-green to brownish-green |
| Luster | Vitreous (glassy), sometimes oily |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
Peridot’s hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale means it is softer than quartz but harder than glass. This makes it suitable for jewelry, but it is more susceptible to scratches and abrasions than harder gemstones like diamonds or sapphires.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Ancient Egyptians believed peridot brought confidence, power, good health, and good luck to its wearer. This belief led to its frequent use in jewelry and as protective amulets. The association with the sun further reinforced its symbolism of warmth, light, and vitality.
In more recent times, peridot is often associated with prosperity, growth, and renewal. It is believed to enhance creativity, boost confidence, and attract positive energy. Some modern sources suggest peridot possesses cosmic, extra-terrestrial powers due to its occasional discovery in meteorites, though this is not widely accepted in formal gemology.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. It is susceptible to scratches from harder materials and can be damaged by harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners. To clean peridot jewelry, it is best to use warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid using abrasive cleaners or steam cleaners. It is also advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to harsh chemicals. Regular cleaning will help maintain the gem’s brilliance and luster.
Conclusion
Peridot stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones and their deep connection to human history and culture. From its ancient origins as a prized possession of the Egyptian pharaohs to its modern status as a beloved August birthstone, peridot continues to captivate with its vibrant green hue and rich symbolism. Its unique geological formation, sometimes originating from the depths of the Earth and even from outer space, adds to its mystique. Whether admired for its beauty, cherished for its historical significance, or believed to possess metaphysical properties, peridot remains a gemstone of enduring appeal.