August boasts a trio of birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – offering a diverse palette of color and history for those born in this summer month. While all three hold significance, peridot stands out as the most widely recognized and historically prominent of the three. This article delves into the fascinating world of peridot, exploring its geological origins, historical uses, gemological properties, and enduring symbolism.
History and Lore
Peridot’s story stretches back millennia, with evidence of its use dating as far back as 2000 BC in ancient Egypt. Initially sourced from a small volcanic island in the Red Sea – historically known as Topazios, now Zabargad – the gem was highly prized. Indeed, many scholars believe that the “topaz” referenced in ancient texts was often, in fact, peridot. This historical conflation stemmed from the island of Topazios exclusively yielding peridot, leading to an interchangeable use of the names.
The gem’s association with royalty is well-documented. Some historians speculate that the famed emerald collection of Cleopatra may have largely consisted of peridot, a testament to its desirability and vibrant green hue. Further reinforcing this connection, the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral is adorned with approximately 200 carats of gems once believed to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot.
Throughout history, peridot has been known by various names, including “chrysolite” – translating to “golden stone” – and “peridona,” meaning “to radiate wealth” in ancient Greek. The name peridot itself is derived from the Arabic word “faridat,” meaning “gem.” Its inclusion in the high priest’s breastplate, as referenced in the Bible, further solidifies its place in ancient lore, alongside sardonyx as one of the original biblical birthstones.
More recently, in 2016, the Jewelers of America and the American Gem Trade Association updated their birthstone list, formally recognizing spinel as an additional August birthstone, expanding the options for those born in this month. However, peridot remains the classic and most historically significant choice.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, a silicate compound of magnesium and iron. Its formation occurs under extreme conditions, primarily within the Earth’s mantle. Remarkably, peridot can be found carried to the surface within hardened lava flows, offering a direct link to the planet’s depths. Even more exceptionally, peridot has been discovered within pallasite meteorites, originating from outer space, making it one of the few gemstones known to exist extraterrestrially. The presence of peridot in meteorites provides valuable clues about the formation of our solar system, estimated to be around 4.5 billion years old.
While the original source on the Red Sea island of Topazios has been largely exhausted, peridot is now mined in several locations worldwide. Significant deposits are found in Burma (Myanmar), the United States (particularly in Arizona and New Mexico), Brazil, Mexico, Pakistan, and China. The quality of peridot can vary depending on the location, with Burma historically producing some of the finest specimens.
Gemological Properties
Peridot exhibits a distinctive set of gemological properties that contribute to its unique appeal. Its color ranges from yellowish-green to olive or brownish-green, with the intensity of the hue dependent on the iron content within the gem. The more iron present, the more vibrant the green color.
Here’s a summary of key gemological characteristics:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Color | Yellowish-Green to Olive/Brownish-Green |
| Refractive Index | 1.65 to 1.69 |
| Birefringence | 0.035 to 0.038 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 to 7 |
Peridot typically displays a vitreous luster and can exhibit a characteristic “silk” inclusion, a network of fine, needle-like inclusions that can enhance its beauty. Its refractive index falls between 1.65 and 1.69, contributing to its brilliance. With a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, peridot is relatively durable but requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage. It is important to note that peridot is singly refractive, meaning it does not exhibit the double refraction seen in some other gemstones.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Often referred to as the “stone of the sun,” it was believed in ancient Egypt to ward off evil spirits and promote prosperity. It is associated with tranquility, peaceful sleep, and balancing the mind and body.
Modern metaphysical beliefs attribute a range of healing properties to peridot, including promoting psychological well-being, happiness, emotional stability, and positive energy. It is also considered a stone of protection, shielding against negativity and fostering a sense of confidence. Peridot is traditionally associated with the 16th wedding anniversary, symbolizing a long-lasting and harmonious union.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, peridot requires careful handling to prevent scratches and damage. It is susceptible to abrasion from harder materials and should be stored separately from diamonds and other harder gemstones.
Cleaning peridot is relatively straightforward. Warm, soapy water and a soft brush are generally sufficient to remove dirt and grime. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these can damage the gem. Rinsing thoroughly with clean water and drying with a soft cloth will restore its brilliance. Regular cleaning will help maintain peridot’s vibrant color and luster.
Conclusion
Peridot, with its rich history, unique geological origins, and captivating green hue, remains a cherished gemstone. From its ancient roots in Egypt and its association with Cleopatra to its modern status as a prominent August birthstone, peridot continues to captivate and inspire. Its symbolic meanings of prosperity, tranquility, and protection, combined with its relatively accessible price point, make it a popular choice for jewelry and a meaningful gift for those born under the August sun. The discovery of peridot in meteorites adds a unique dimension to its story, connecting this earthly gem to the vastness of space and the origins of our solar system.