Peridot, a gemstone celebrated for its distinctive green hues, holds a prominent place as a traditional birthstone for August. Revered for over three millennia, this gem boasts a rich history intertwined with ancient civilizations, royal adornments, and even extraterrestrial origins. While August now recognizes spinel and sardonyx as birthstones alongside peridot, its enduring appeal and unique geological story continue to captivate gem enthusiasts and collectors alike. This article delves into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this remarkable gemstone.
History and Lore
The story of peridot is one of mistaken identity and enduring fascination. For centuries, what is now known as peridot was often referred to as “topazion,” stemming from the ancient Greek name for the island of Topazios in the Red Sea – the primary source of these green gems for the Greeks and Romans. This island, now known as Zabargad or St. John’s Island, yielded the stones that were initially believed to be topaz. It wasn’t until the 18th century that the name “peridot” emerged, derived from the Arabic word faridat, meaning “gem.”
Ancient Egyptians held peridot in high esteem, crafting beads from the golden-green crystals mined on Topazios. Pharaohs demanded peridot as a tribute, and Cleopatra was particularly fond of the gem, often incorporating it into her royal jewelry. The stone’s use extended beyond adornment; it was featured on the breastplates of high priests, signifying its sacred importance.
Throughout the Middle Ages, Europeans acquired peridot during the Crusades, adorning churches and religious garments with the vibrant green stones. More recently, in the late 19th century, Princess Isabella of Croÿ showcased exceptional peridot specimens in her tiara, a testament to the gem’s continued allure among royalty. Even in the 20th century, peridot found its way into the spotlight, famously worn by Joan Rivers.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot’s formation is a fascinating geological process, often linked to volcanic activity and even extraterrestrial origins. The gem is formed from the mineral olivine, specifically a magnesium-rich variety called forsterite. When iron replaces some of the magnesium atoms within the forsterite structure, the resulting mineral displays the characteristic green color of peridot.
Most peridot originates deep within the Earth’s mantle, brought to the surface through volcanic eruptions. However, remarkably, peridot has also been discovered embedded within meteorites and found on the surface of Mars, confirming its extraterrestrial presence.
Historically, the Red Sea island of Topazios (Zabargad) was the primary source of peridot. Today, significant deposits are found on five continents. Major sources include Burma (Myanmar), the United States (particularly Arizona), Norway, Brazil, China, Australia, and Pakistan. A particularly striking 100.15-carat triangular-cut peridot, mined in Pakistan, is part of the Smithsonian’s National Gem and Mineral Collection, showcasing the gem’s exceptional brilliance and vivid green hue.
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s gemological properties contribute to its unique appeal. The gem’s color ranges from yellow-green to olive green and brownish-green, with the most desirable shades exhibiting a vibrant, intense green.
Peridot’s chemical formula is Olivine. While pure magnesium-rich forsterite is colorless, the presence of iron imparts the characteristic green hue. The gem typically exhibits a vitreous luster and a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but susceptible to scratching from harder materials.
Peridot is known for its strong double refraction, a property that can sometimes cause a doubling of facet edges when viewed through the stone. This characteristic, along with its cubic crystal structure (similar to garnet and diamond), can aid in distinguishing it from other green gemstones.
Here's a summary of Peridot's key properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Olivine |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Color | Yellow-Green, Olive Green, Brownish-Green |
| Crystal System | Cubic |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. It is often referred to as the “stone of compassion,” believed to promote good health, restful sleep, and harmonious relationships.
Peridot is thought to balance emotions and the mind, inspiring eloquence and creativity while fostering delight and good cheer. Metaphysically, the gem is said to attract love, relieve anger, and bring a sense of renewal and rejuvenation. It is believed to activate the heart and solar plexus chakras, functioning as a protective shield around the body. Some believe it diminishes obsession, decreases envy, and eliminates feelings of guilt.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, peridot requires careful handling to avoid scratches. It is advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to harsh chemicals.
Cleaning peridot is relatively straightforward. Warm, soapy water and a soft brush are generally sufficient to remove dirt and grime. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the gem. A soft cloth can be used to gently polish the stone and restore its luster.
Conclusion
Peridot, with its captivating green color and rich history, remains a cherished gemstone. From its ancient origins as the “topazion” of the Greeks and Romans to its modern status as a beloved August birthstone, peridot continues to inspire and enchant. Its unique geological formation, coupled with its symbolic associations and metaphysical properties, solidify its place as a truly remarkable gem. The enduring appeal of this “evening emerald” ensures its continued prominence in the world of gemstones for generations to come.