For millennia, the vibrant green hue of peridot has captivated civilizations, adorning royalty, religious artifacts, and now, the jewelry of those born in August. As one of the three recognized birthstones for August – alongside sardonyx and spinel – peridot boasts a unique history, fascinating geological origins, and a symbolism steeped in tradition. This article delves into the world of peridot, exploring its properties, historical significance, mining locations, and enduring appeal.
History and Lore
The story of peridot is one of mistaken identity and enduring fascination. Ancient civilizations often conflated peridot with other green gemstones, particularly emerald and topaz. Indeed, many historical references to “topaz” likely describe what we now know as peridot. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, now known as Zabargad, was a significant source of this gem, leading to the misnomer. As noted by George Frederick Kuntz in 1913, the “topaz of the ancients was usually our chrysolite, or peridot.”
Its history stretches back over 4,000 years, with early examples discovered in ancient Egypt around 2000 BC. Egyptians valued peridot, mining it from Zabargad and using it in elaborate jewelry and religious ornamentation. The gem was also prized in medieval Europe, appearing in chalices and adorning churches. Priests’ jewelry featured peridot as early as the second century BCE.
Beyond its aesthetic appeal, peridot held symbolic significance. It was believed to possess protective qualities, shielding the wearer from evil spirits and “terrors of the night.” This belief contributed to its use as a talisman throughout history. The gem is also associated with the 16th wedding anniversary, signifying peace and prosperity. The Arabic name for peridot, faridat, translates to “gem,” reflecting its long-held value.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, a silicate composed of magnesium and iron. Its distinctive green color is a result of the iron content within the crystal structure. Remarkably, peridot can form under extreme conditions, originating from deep within the Earth’s mantle, carried to the surface by volcanic activity. It is also found in pallasite meteorites, making it an extraterrestrial gemstone – a truly unique origin story. The presence of peridot in meteorites offers clues about the formation of our solar system, approximately 4.5 billion years ago.
Historically, Egypt’s Zabargad Island was the primary source of high-quality peridot. Mining on the island began around 340–279 BCE, though the harsh conditions earned it ominous nicknames like “Island of Death” and “Ophiodes” (snake island). Today, significant deposits are found in various locations worldwide, including China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States.
A unique source is Peridot Beach in Hawaii, where the sands shimmer with a luminous green hue due to the abundance of eroded peridot crystals. While not gem-quality, the beach offers a stunning visual display of this August birthstone.
Gemological Properties
Peridot possesses a distinct set of gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and value.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Color | Yellowish Green to Olive/Brown |
| Refractive Index | 1.65 to 1.69 |
| Birefringence | 0.035 to 0.038 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 to 7 |
The color of peridot can range from yellowish green to olive or brownish green, depending on the iron content. The most sought-after stones exhibit a vibrant lime green or olive green hue. Peridot’s refractive index falls between 1.65 and 1.69, contributing to its brilliance. It has a specific gravity of 3.34 and a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it relatively durable but susceptible to scratching with harder materials. It also exhibits birefringence, meaning it splits light into two rays, which can sometimes be observed with a loupe.
Peridot is also known by other names, including Chrysolite and the “Gem of the Sun,” reflecting its radiant color.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been attributed with various metaphysical properties. It is believed to promote tranquility and peaceful sleep by balancing the mind and body, serving as a charm against nightmares. Some believe it contributes to psychological well-being, fostering happiness, contentment, and emotional stability. It is also associated with positive energy and power.
The gem’s association with protection extends beyond warding off negative energies. It was historically used as a protective talisman, shielding the owner from harm. This belief likely stems from its vibrant green color, often associated with life, growth, and renewal.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, peridot requires careful handling to avoid scratches. It is susceptible to damage from sharp blows and abrasive materials. Cleaning peridot jewelry is relatively straightforward. Warm, soapy water and a soft brush are generally sufficient to remove dirt and grime. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these can damage the gemstone. It is also advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities to prevent scratches or damage.
The Modern August Birthstone Landscape
While peridot holds a long-standing tradition as an August birthstone, the landscape has evolved in recent years. In 2016, the Jewelers of America (JA) and the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) updated the official birthstone list, adding spinel as another August birthstone. Sardonyx remains a traditional option as well. This expansion provides individuals born in August with a wider range of gemstone choices, each with its unique appeal and symbolism. However, peridot remains the most popular and widely recognized August birthstone, celebrated for its vibrant color, rich history, and enduring beauty.
Conclusion
Peridot, the “Gem of the Sun,” stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. From its ancient origins in Egypt to its modern-day popularity as an August birthstone, peridot has captivated cultures for millennia. Its unique geological formation, ranging from volcanic origins to extraterrestrial sources, adds to its mystique. With its vibrant green hue, fascinating history, and symbolic significance, peridot continues to be a cherished gemstone for enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and those seeking a connection to the earth and beyond.