August boasts a unique distinction among birthstones: three official gems – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – offering those born in this month a diverse palette of color and history to choose from. While peridot holds the longest-standing association with August, spinel is a more recent addition, reflecting evolving gemological understanding and consumer preferences. Sardonyx, the original August birthstone, completes this trio, representing a legacy stretching back millennia. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of these three captivating gemstones.
A History of Change and Recognition
For many years, sardonyx was the sole birthstone recognized for August. However, its similarity in color to peridot led to confusion, and peridot was subsequently added as a second option. The most recent change came in 2016, when the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and Jewelers of America (JA) officially designated spinel as a third birthstone for the month. This decision, a relatively rare update to the birthstone list established in 1912, acknowledged the gemstone’s historical significance and provided a wider range of choices for those seeking a birthstone that resonated with their personal tastes. The addition of spinel was driven by a desire to recognize historically significant gemstones and cater to evolving consumer preferences.
Peridot: The “Evening Emerald” and “Sun Gem”
Peridot, often referred to as the “evening emerald” due to its ability to sparkle under both natural and artificial light, has a rich and often misidentified history. Ancient sources, including Pliny the Elder, often referred to peridot as “topaz,” and Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection is speculated by some historians to have actually consisted largely of peridot. The gem’s unique yellowish-green to greenish-yellow hue, caused by the presence of iron in its composition, sets it apart from true emeralds.
Peridot’s formation is particularly intriguing, occurring under extreme conditions both within the Earth’s mantle and even in meteorites. While peridot found in Pallasite Meteorites is typically too small for jewelry use, larger stones are brought to the surface through volcanic activity. This extraterrestrial origin adds to the gem’s mystique and allure.
Spinel: From “Great Impostor” to Recognized Gem
Spinel’s journey to recognition as a distinct gemstone is a fascinating tale of mistaken identity. For centuries, vibrant red spinel was often misidentified as ruby, adorning the crown jewels of various nations. The British State Crown, for example, features a large red stone previously believed to be a ruby, but now confirmed to be spinel. Similarly, many historic “rubies” in Indian collections are likely, in fact, spinel.
The ability to accurately distinguish spinel from ruby required advancements in gemological technology, not fully realized until the late 18th century. Prior to this, spinel was known as “balas ruby,” a testament to its frequent association with its more highly prized counterpart. Spinel exhibits a cubic crystal structure, often displaying twinning crystals, which can aid in its identification. Unlike ruby, which is often dichroic (displaying different hues from different angles), spinel typically displays a consistent color throughout the stone. Spinel can be found in a range of colors, including red, blue, and pink, and is often a more affordable alternative to ruby and sapphire.
Sardonyx: A Stone of Strength and Courage
Sardonyx, the original birthstone for August, boasts a history stretching back over 4,000 years. This gemstone symbolizes strength, courage, and protection, and was highly valued in ancient Greece and Rome. It was frequently used in amulets, cameos, and seals, believed to bring victory in battle and enhance communication skills. While details regarding its geological formation and specific properties are limited within the provided sources, its long-standing association with August underscores its historical importance.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
While detailed gemological data is limited within the provided sources, some key properties can be summarized. Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, with a chemical formula of (Mg,Fe)2 SiO4. Its color is determined by the amount of iron present. Spinel is a separate mineral species with a distinct crystal structure, offering a range of colors. Sardonyx is a banded variety of chalcedony, a form of silica.
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color Range | Hardness (Mohs) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | (Mg,Fe)2 SiO4 | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow | Not specified in sources |
| Spinel | Not specified in sources | Red, blue, pink, and more | Not specified in sources |
| Sardonyx | SiO2 | Banded red and white | Not specified in sources |
(Note: Hardness values are not provided in the sources and have been omitted from the table.)
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of August’s birthstones carries its own symbolic weight. Peridot is associated with abundance, protection, and positivity. Spinel is sometimes referred to as a “stone of immortality.” Sardonyx embodies strength, courage, and protection. These symbolic meanings have evolved over centuries, reflecting cultural beliefs and traditions.
Caring for Your August Birthstone
Specific care instructions for each gemstone are not detailed in the provided sources. However, general gemstone care principles apply. Given the potential for confusion with other gems in the past, it is important to ensure proper identification of your August birthstone to provide the appropriate care.
Conclusion
August’s birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent a fascinating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. From the misidentified “rubies” of centuries past to the modern recognition of spinel as a distinct gem, and the enduring legacy of sardonyx, these stones offer a rich tapestry of stories. The addition of spinel to the birthstone list in 2016 reflects a growing appreciation for the diversity and beauty of the gem world, providing August-born individuals with a wider range of choices to celebrate their birth month.