Peridot, a gemstone celebrated for its vibrant green hues, holds a prominent position as one of the birthstones for August. Alongside spinel and sardonyx, peridot boasts a rich history, unique geological origins, and enduring symbolism. Often referred to as the “evening emerald,” this gem has captivated civilizations for centuries, prized for its brilliance and believed protective qualities. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, and cultural significance of peridot, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The story of peridot is interwoven with historical misidentification and enduring fascination. Throughout history, peridot was frequently confused with emerald, particularly in ancient times. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, believed to be a source of “topaz,” actually yielded significant quantities of peridot. This led to the gem being erroneously labeled as topaz for a considerable period. Some historians even suggest that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have largely consisted of peridot, highlighting the gem’s historical value and aesthetic appeal.
References to peridot, or what was believed to be topaz, appear as early as the second century BCE in priestly jewelry. During the medieval period, peridot found its way into the chalices and churches of Europe, signifying its importance in religious art and symbolism. The gem was valued not only for its beauty but also for its perceived protective powers, believed to shield the wearer from evil spirits and nightmares.
The name “peridot” itself originates from the Arabic word “faridat,” meaning gem, underscoring its long-held status as a precious stone. It is also traditionally given as a gift to celebrate a 16th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot’s formation is remarkable, occurring under extreme geological conditions. It is primarily composed of olivine, a mineral rich in magnesium and iron, and is often brought to the Earth’s surface from deep within the mantle through volcanic activity. Notably, peridot has even been discovered within meteorites, specifically Pallasite Meteorites, though these are typically too small for use in jewelry.
While some peridot originates from meteorites, the majority found in jewelry today is sourced from terrestrial locations. Historically, the Egyptian island of Zabargad, once known as Topazios, was a significant source, with mining potentially beginning as early as 340–279 BCE. This island, however, presented harsh conditions, earning it ominous names like the Island of Death and Ophiodes (“snake island”). Peridot from Zabargad remains highly prized and can be found in prestigious museum collections.
Contemporary sources of peridot include China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States, particularly Arizona, where it is mined from the San Carlos reservation. Peridot Beach in Hawaii is also notable, as its sands shimmer with a luminous green hue due to the presence of peridot crystals.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is the gem variety of olivine, with a chemical formula of (Mg,Fe)2 SiO4. The presence of iron within the olivine structure is responsible for peridot’s characteristic green color, ranging from yellowish-green to olive-green, with the most sought-after stones exhibiting a lime-green hue. The color intensity is directly related to the amount of iron present.
Peridot is often described as having a “crisp, clean” appearance, resembling a green apple. It is known as the “evening emerald” due to its ability to maintain its sparkle even in artificial light, unlike some other gemstones that may appear duller.
While specific data regarding hardness and refractive index are not provided in the sources, peridot is generally considered a semi-precious stone. It is important to note that spinel, an alternative August birthstone, is harder than peridot, registering an 8 out of 10 on the Mohs hardness scale.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Ancient cultures valued it as a protective talisman, believed to ward off evil spirits and protect against “terrors of the night.” In Hawaiian tradition, peridot is said to represent the tears of the goddess Pele.
Beyond protection, peridot is believed to bestow power, influence, and a fulfilling life upon its wearer. Some sources suggest that peridot possesses magical powers and healing properties, though these claims are not substantiated by formal gemological research. The gem’s association with light and vitality has also led to its being considered a stone of positivity and renewal.
Care and Cleaning
Due to the lack of specific data regarding cleavage and other physical properties in the provided sources, detailed care instructions are limited. However, given its composition and relative softness compared to some other gemstones, peridot should be handled with care. Avoid harsh chemicals and abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the stone’s surface. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth is recommended.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating green birthstone of August, offers a compelling blend of history, geological wonder, and enduring symbolism. From its ancient misidentification as emerald to its modern-day appreciation as a unique and beautiful gem, peridot continues to fascinate and inspire. Its fiery origins, whether from the depths of the Earth’s mantle or the vastness of outer space, contribute to its mystique. As a symbol of protection, power, and renewal, peridot remains a cherished gemstone for those born in August and a captivating addition to any jewelry collection.