Spinel, a gemstone often mistaken for ruby or sapphire, has recently gained recognition as an official August birthstone, joining peridot and sardonyx. For centuries, this captivating gem was revered by royalty and ancient gemstone merchants, often unknowingly adorning crown jewels under the guise of its more famous counterparts. Distinguished by its unique octahedral structure, spinel presents a wealth of colors, from intense red to vibrant pink, orange, purple, violet, blue, and bluish-green. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and significance of spinel, exploring its journey from a “great impostor” to a celebrated gemstone.
History and Lore
The story of spinel is inextricably linked to that of ruby and sapphire. For a considerable period, spinel was misidentified as these more highly prized gems, particularly the red varieties. This led to its historical designation as “balas ruby,” a term used to describe red spinels before the development of the scientific acumen necessary to differentiate between the minerals. Some of the most historically significant “rubies” in royal collections are, in fact, spinels. A prime example is the approximately 170-carat Black Prince’s “ruby,” a celebrated spinel that has been part of the British Crown Jewels since 1367, set above the Cullinan II diamond in the Imperial State Crown.
The confusion surrounding spinel’s identity persisted until the 18th century, when advancements in gemological science allowed for accurate mineral identification based on chemical differences. Despite this late recognition, spinel held a prominent place in ancient cultures. Red spinel, along with other red gemstones, was believed to possess healing properties, serving as a remedy for blood loss and inflammatory diseases. It was also thought to ease anger and promote harmony. The gem’s association with positive attributes contributed to its enduring appeal among royalty and nobility.
In 2016, the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and Jewelers of America (JA) officially recognized spinel as an August birthstone, marking only the third update to the modern birthstone list established in 1912 by the American National Retail Jewelers Association. This decision reflected a growing appreciation for spinel among gem enthusiasts and a desire to offer a wider selection of birthstone choices. As David Bonaparte, President and CEO of Jewelers of America, stated, the addition of spinel acknowledged the importance of historically significant gemstones and catered to the preferences of gemstone lovers.
Geological Formation and Sources
Spinel’s formation is often associated with metamorphic processes in magnesium-rich rocks. It is found in a variety of geological settings, including alluvial deposits and within metamorphic rocks like marbles. Major sources of spinel include Tajikistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Tanzania, and Pakistan.
Specific locations are known for producing spinel with particularly striking colors. For instance, Myanmar is renowned for its hot pink and red spinels, while Tanzania has recently become a significant source of pinkish, orangy-red, purple, and blue hues, following a discovery in 2007. The diverse geological origins contribute to the wide range of colors and qualities found in spinel gemstones.
Gemological Properties
Spinel possesses a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear, including in rings and other jewelry. This hardness indicates a good resistance to scratching and abrasion. However, the presence of fractures within the stone can pose a problem, requiring careful handling and cleaning.
The name “spinel” itself originates from the Latin word spina, meaning thorn, referencing the characteristic shape of spinel crystals. Spinel exhibits a wealth of colors, including intense red, vibrant pink, orange, purple, violet, blue, and bluish-green. This broad color range contributes to its versatility and appeal.
Spinel is stable when exposed to light and chemicals, simplifying its maintenance. However, prolonged exposure to high heat can cause some colors to fade, necessitating caution when subjecting the gemstone to extreme temperatures.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8 |
| Crystal System | Isometric |
| Chemical Formula | MgAl₂O₄ (Magnesium Aluminum Oxide) |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Colors | Red, Pink, Orange, Purple, Violet, Blue, Bluish-Green |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
While historical beliefs centered on spinel’s healing properties, particularly for ailments related to blood and inflammation, modern interpretations often focus on its ability to inspire and ward off pessimism. Some spiritual healers believe spinel promotes feelings of inspiration and revitalization. As a traditional gift for the 22nd wedding anniversary, spinel symbolizes enduring love and commitment.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of spinel jewelry is relatively straightforward due to its durability. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners can be used, but caution is advised if the stone contains fractures. Warm soapy water is always a safe and effective cleaning method. Regular cleaning will help preserve the gemstone’s brilliance and luster. Avoid exposing spinel to high heat for extended periods to prevent potential color fading.
Conclusion
Spinel, once overshadowed by its more famous look-alikes, has rightfully earned its place as a celebrated gemstone and an official August birthstone. Its rich history, diverse colors, and durable nature make it a compelling choice for jewelry enthusiasts and collectors alike. From adorning the crowns of kings to inspiring modern jewelry designs, spinel continues to captivate with its beauty and enduring appeal. The recognition of spinel as a birthstone not only honors its historical significance but also provides gemstone lovers with a vibrant and meaningful alternative to traditional choices.