August, the eighth month of the year, is named after Augustus Caesar, the first Emperor of Rome. Originally called Sextilis, this month is associated with a unique set of gemstones that have captivated humans for centuries. The August birthstones include peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Each of these stones carries a distinct color and history, making them fascinating subjects for gemologists and enthusiasts alike. This article explores the gemological properties, historical significance, and cultural symbolism of these August birthstones, with a focus on their colors and how they have been cherished across different eras.
History and Lore
Peridot, the most well-known of the August birthstones, has a rich history that dates back to ancient times. It was revered in medieval shrines and is believed by some historians to have been the "emeralds" in Cleopatra’s famous collection. The stone's green hues, ranging from pale lime to deep olive, have made it a popular choice for both day and night wear. Peridot was often set in silver, gold, or platinum, enhancing its natural beauty and making it a versatile gemstone for various settings.
Spinel, another gemstone associated with August, was long mistaken for ruby and sapphire due to its vibrant colors and brilliance. However, it is a distinct mineral species with its own unique properties. Spinel gained recognition in recent years as a more affordable alternative to these precious stones. The discovery of pinkish and orangy red spinel in Tanzania in 2007 has captivated gem collectors, showcasing the stone's versatility in color and its appeal in the jewelry market.
Sardonyx, the oldest of the August birthstones, has a history that stretches over 4,000 years. This combination of sard and onyx was popular in ancient Rome for seals and signet rings due to its non-stick properties with hot wax. Sardonyx's bands of brownish red to dark orange sard alternating with white or black layers of onyx made it a favored material for cameos and intaglios. Its historical significance as a symbol of strength and protection adds to its allure.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is formed under extreme conditions, often found in the hardened lava that carries it from deep within Earth’s mantle. It can also be discovered in meteorites that have traveled from outer space, making it a truly cosmic gemstone. The presence of iron in peridot is responsible for its distinctive yellow-green hue. This gemstone is relatively common, though high-quality peridot can be rare, especially when it comes to stones with vivid colors.
Spinel, on the other hand, is known for its durability and is rated 8 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This makes it suitable for rings and other jewelry that may be subject to daily wear. The recent discovery of spinel in Tanzania has brought attention to its vibrant colors, including pinkish and orangy red hues. These discoveries have made spinel a popular choice among jewelers and collectors alike.
Sardonyx, as a combination of sard and onyx, is a type of chalcedony, a cryptocrystalline quartz. Its formation involves layers of sard, which is a brownish-red to dark orange chalcedony, and onyx, which is typically white or black. The historical use of sardonyx in Roman seals and cameos highlights its durability and aesthetic appeal. The stone's availability in various parts of the world makes it a more accessible gemstone compared to peridot and spinel.
Gemological Properties
Peridot's gemological properties are defined by its chemical composition and physical characteristics. It is a silicate mineral, specifically the variety of olivine, with the chemical formula (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄. The presence of iron is responsible for its green coloration. Peridot is typically transparent to translucent and has a vitreous luster. It is a relatively soft gemstone, rating 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which means it requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage.
Spinel's gemological properties are equally fascinating. As a distinct mineral species, it has a different crystal structure from ruby and sapphire. Spinel is composed of aluminum oxide with various trace elements that contribute to its vibrant colors. The stone is durable, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear. Spinel can be found in a range of colors, including red, blue, pink, and even colorless, with each hue having its own unique charm and appeal.
Sardonyx's properties are characterized by its combination of sard and onyx. This composite gemstone has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable for jewelry. The stone's unique banding of colors allows for creative designs in jewelry, especially in cameos and intaglios. Sardonyx's translucent to opaque nature makes it a versatile choice for various types of jewelry, from rings to pendants.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolism and metaphysical beliefs surrounding August birthstones are as rich as their histories. Peridot is often associated with abundance, protection, and positivity. It is believed to bring good fortune and to ward off negativity. In ancient times, peridot was thought to have the power to protect against nightmares and to promote restful sleep. The stone's vibrant green color is also linked to growth and renewal, making it a popular choice for those seeking to embrace new beginnings.
Spinel carries its own set of symbolic meanings, particularly in terms of strength and courage. It is believed to enhance communication skills and to bring a sense of clarity and focus. In modern times, spinel is often chosen as a symbol of love and affection, especially in the form of engagement rings and other jewelry pieces that signify commitment. The stone's vibrant colors are thought to reflect the wearer's personality and to bring joy and vitality to their life.
Sardonyx is revered for its protective qualities and its ability to instill courage. It is believed to enhance one's ability to communicate effectively and to foster a sense of confidence. In ancient times, sardonyx was used in amulets and cameos to bring victory in battle and to protect the wearer from harm. The stone's historical significance as a symbol of strength and protection continues to resonate today, making it a meaningful choice for those seeking to embrace its positive attributes.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of August birthstones. Peridot, being a relatively soft gemstone, requires gentle handling to avoid scratches and damage. It should be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners can be used, but caution is advised if the stone has any fractures. Storing peridot away from other gemstones can help prevent scratches and ensure its continued brilliance.
Spinel, with its higher hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, is more durable than peridot. It can be cleaned using ultrasonic and steam cleaners, which are effective for removing dirt and grime. However, it is important to note that high heat can cause some colors of spinel to fade, so it is advisable to avoid exposing the stone to excessive heat. Regular cleaning with warm soapy water is also recommended to keep spinel looking its best.
Sardonyx is a relatively hardy gemstone, but it still requires care to maintain its appearance. Cleaning sardonyx can be done with warm soapy water and a soft cloth. It is best to avoid harsh chemicals, as they can damage the stone's surface. Sardonyx should also be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches, ensuring that its unique banding remains intact.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each possess a unique color and history that has captivated humans for centuries. Peridot's vibrant green hues and historical significance as a symbol of abundance and protection make it a cherished gemstone. Spinel, with its vibrant colors and durability, has gained popularity as a more affordable alternative to ruby and sapphire. Sardonyx's ancient roots and protective qualities add to its allure, making it a meaningful choice for those who appreciate its historical significance.
Understanding the gemological properties, historical context, and care requirements of these stones allows for a deeper appreciation of their beauty and significance. Whether worn as jewelry or kept as collectibles, these August birthstones offer a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and aesthetic appeal that continues to enchant gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike.