Peridot, the vibrant green gemstone, is the primary birthstone for August and a cherished symbol of positivity and protection. As one of the few gemstones with a distinct color range that spans from pale lime green to rich olive, peridot has captivated civilizations for millennia. Its history is intertwined with the sun, ancient myths, and the natural forces of the Earth and even outer space. This article delves into the rich history, geological properties, cultural significance, and care of peridot, offering a comprehensive exploration of this remarkable gemstone.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history stretches back over 2,000 years, making it one of the oldest known gemstones. The ancient Egyptians referred to it as the "gem of the sun" and the "evening emerald," recognizing its brilliant green hue and association with light. This gemstone was mined on the Red Sea island of Topazios, now known as Zabargad, as early as 340–279 BCE. The island was notorious for its harsh mining conditions, earning it ominous names such as the "Island of Death" and "Ophiodes," meaning "snake island." Despite these challenges, the island produced some of the finest peridot specimens, many of which found their way into the jewelry and religious artifacts of the time.
The name "peridot" is derived from the Arabic word faridat, meaning "gem." This gemstone was highly valued in ancient and medieval cultures, with records indicating its presence in priests' jewelry as early as the second century BCE. In medieval Europe, peridot was often found in the chalices and churches of the time, signifying its sacred and protective role in Christian traditions.
One of the most intriguing historical mysteries involving peridot is its potential role in Cleopatra’s famous emerald collection. Historians have speculated that some of the emeralds in her collection may actually have been peridot, given the similarity in appearance and the fact that peridot was a major export from the Red Sea region. Similarly, the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral, which is adorned with 200 carats of what were believed to be emeralds, is now understood to contain peridot.
In the 19th century, peridot was commonly used in jewelry as a more affordable alternative to emerald and topaz. During the Crusades, many so-called "emeralds" brought back to Europe were in fact peridot, further illustrating the historical confusion between the gemstone and other green stones.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a variety of the mineral olivine, a magnesium iron silicate with the chemical formula (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄. It is one of the few gemstones that can be found in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments. On Earth, peridot forms under extreme conditions, typically in the mantle of the Earth, where it is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. It is often found in hardened lava and in meteorites, which have carried peridot from outer space to our planet.
The oldest known source of peridot is the Egyptian island of Zabargad, where mining began as early as 340–279 BCE. The island remains a significant source of high-quality peridot, with specimens found in prestigious museums and private collections around the world. In the United States, peridot is found in Arizona’s San Carlo Apache Indian Reservation, where Apache families have mined the gemstone for generations. Additionally, Peridot Beach in Hawaii, also known as Papakolea Beach, features green sands due to the presence of peridot in the surrounding rocks.
Other notable sources of peridot include China, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and Myanmar. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, significant deposits of jewelry-grade peridot were discovered in China, contributing to a surge in the gemstone's availability on the global market. Pakistan also became a major source in 1994, producing large stones of high quality in the early years of its production.
One of the most remarkable peridot specimens in the world is a 311.80-carat stone currently housed in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. This gem, discovered at the original source in Egypt, is a testament to the extraordinary size and quality that peridot can achieve.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a relatively common gemstone, but its availability varies depending on the size and quality of the stone. It is known for its distinct yellow-green to greenish-yellow color, which is caused by the presence of iron in its chemical composition. Unlike many other gemstones, peridot does not exhibit pleochroism, meaning it displays the same color in all directions. This is a unique characteristic that helps gemologists distinguish peridot from other green gemstones like emerald or tourmaline.
The gemstone is part of the olivine mineral family and has an orthorhombic crystal system. It has a hardness of 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale, which means it is relatively durable but not as hard as diamonds or corundum (such as ruby or sapphire). This moderate hardness makes peridot suitable for most types of jewelry, though it requires careful handling to avoid scratches and chips.
Peridot has a refractive index ranging from 1.65 to 1.85 and a specific gravity between 3.27 and 4.35. These properties contribute to its brilliance and clarity, making it a popular choice for faceted cuts. The gemstone is typically transparent to translucent and is often found in a variety of shapes, including oval, round, and emerald cuts.
One of the most notable features of peridot is its inclusions. It is not uncommon to find small, needle-like inclusions or tiny crystals within the stone, which are characteristic of its natural formation. These inclusions do not detract from the stone’s beauty and are often considered part of its charm.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been associated with a range of symbolic and metaphysical beliefs. In ancient times, it was believed to have protective properties, shielding the wearer from evil spirits and "terrors of the night." This belief was particularly strong in Egypt, where the gemstone was often used in amulets and talismans.
In medieval Europe, peridot was considered a symbol of renewal and healing. It was believed to promote physical and emotional well-being, making it a popular gemstone for those seeking balance and positivity. The gemstone was also associated with the sun, as its vibrant green color was thought to reflect the energy and vitality of the sun.
In modern times, peridot continues to be valued for its positive symbolism. It is considered a stone of abundance, protection, and positivity. Those born in August often wear peridot as a way to connect with these energies and to celebrate their birthstone. Additionally, peridot is the gemstone for the 16th wedding anniversary, symbolizing the strength and growth of a long-lasting relationship.
Care and Cleaning
Given its moderate hardness, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning to maintain its beauty and longevity. It is not as tough as diamonds or corundum, so it is important to avoid exposing the gemstone to harsh chemicals or abrasive materials.
To clean peridot jewelry, it is recommended to use a mild soap and warm water. A soft-bristled brush can be used to gently remove any dirt or debris. Ultrasonic cleaners can also be used, but it is important to ensure that the jewelry does not contain any other gemstones that may be sensitive to ultrasonic vibrations. Steam cleaning is generally not recommended for peridot, as it can cause thermal shock and potentially damage the stone.
When storing peridot jewelry, it is best to keep the pieces separate from harder gemstones to prevent scratches. A soft pouch or a lined jewelry box is ideal for storage. Avoid exposing peridot to extreme temperatures or direct sunlight for extended periods, as this can cause the stone to fade or become brittle.
Conclusion
Peridot is a remarkable gemstone with a rich history, unique geological properties, and enduring cultural significance. As the birthstone for August, it symbolizes abundance, protection, and positivity, making it a cherished gem for those born in this month. Its vibrant green color, formed under extreme conditions on Earth and even from outer space, adds to its allure and mystique.
From ancient Egypt to modern jewelry collections, peridot has played a significant role in human history and continues to captivate gemstone enthusiasts and collectors alike. Whether worn for its beauty, its symbolism, or its historical significance, peridot remains a timeless and meaningful gemstone.