Aquamarine, the captivating blue to blue-green variety of the mineral beryl, holds a prominent place in the world of gemstones. Traditionally recognized as the birthstone for March, it is also a cherished gift for 19th wedding anniversaries, symbolizing enduring love and commitment. Celebrated for its clarity, durability, and serene hues, aquamarine has a rich history steeped in lore and continues to be a highly sought-after gem for jewelry and collectors alike. This article will delve into the geological origins, gemological properties, historical significance, and practical care of this remarkable stone, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
The name “aquamarine” itself is derived from the Latin words “aqua” (water) and “marina” (sea), aptly describing the gem’s captivating colors reminiscent of seawater. Ancient mariners believed aquamarine possessed the power to calm waves and ensure safe passage, carrying the stone as a talisman for protection during voyages. Beyond seafaring, beryl in all its colors was historically believed to offer protection against foes in battle and legal disputes, imbuing the wearer with invincibility and amiability.
Throughout history, aquamarine has been associated with happiness in marriage, making it a fitting gift to commemorate nearly two decades of partnership. Notable examples of significant aquamarine specimens include a 1,298-carat dark blue rectangular step-cut stone presented to First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt by the Brazilian government in 1936, now housed at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. The Smithsonian Institution boasts the Dom Pedro aquamarine, a magnificent 10,262-carat obelisk fashioned using the fantasy cut technique, believed to be the largest faceted aquamarine in the world.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine forms within pegmatite deposits, which are coarse-grained igneous rocks. These deposits are found in various locations around the globe, with Brazil, Kenya, Nigeria, Madagascar, Pakistan, and China being prominent sources. Within Brazil, the state of Minas Gerais has been a particularly important source for the past two centuries, with aquamarine found in both primary and secondary pegmatite deposits in the eastern portion of the state, near the gem center of Teófilo Otoni.
The rugged terrain of the Karakorum foothills in Pakistan also yields significant quantities of aquamarine. Mining in this region requires considerable effort, as miners must ascend steep paths to elevations ranging from 9,800 to over 13,000 feet to work the sides of cliffs. Despite the challenging conditions, the aquamarine sourced from this area is often described as exceptionally “water clear.”
Gemological Properties
Aquamarine is a beryllium aluminum silicate with the chemical formula Be3Al2(Si16O18). It crystallizes in the hexagonal system and exhibits a hardness ranging from 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale. This relatively high hardness contributes to its durability and suitability for everyday wear in jewelry. The gem possesses imperfect cleavage and a vitreous luster.
Optically, aquamarine is uniaxial negative, and some specimens may exhibit strong dichroism, meaning they display different colors when viewed from different angles. Its refractive index typically falls between 1.57-1.58 and 1.58-1.59. Aquamarine’s color ranges from pale blues to light blues and yellowish blues, with deeper, more intense blues being the most rare and valuable.
Inclusions commonly found within aquamarine include mica, hematite, and liquid-filled tubes or hoses. It is important to note that the liquid within these inclusions can expand considerably if the crystal is overheated, potentially causing fractures or, in rare instances, even explosion.
Aquamarine is often confused with or misrepresented as other gemstones, with historical records noting terms like “aquamarine tourmaline,” “aquamarine emerald,” and “aquamarine sapphire.” Lab-created aquamarine also exists, as do imitations made from treated blue topaz, glass, and synthetic blue spinel. Disclosure of any treatments or synthetic origins is crucial for ethical gemological practice. Heat treatment is commonly used to reduce the subtle yellow color present in some aquamarine specimens.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond its aesthetic appeal, aquamarine is imbued with symbolic meaning. Astrologers believe that wearing aquamarine jewelry promotes financial stability, prosperity, and strengthens love. It is considered a “good luck” stone, thought to bring harmony and balance to one’s life. While considered a semi-precious stone, its association with the sea and its refreshing blue color lead many to consider it precious and lucky, particularly those drawn to marine environments.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness, aquamarine is a durable gemstone suitable for daily wear. However, its imperfect cleavage requires careful handling to avoid potential chipping or fracturing. Cleaning aquamarine jewelry is relatively straightforward. Warm water, mild dish soap, and a soft-bristle toothbrush can be used to gently scrub behind the stone, removing accumulated dirt. The gem should then be rinsed thoroughly and patted dry.
Ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaning are generally safe for aquamarine, provided the gem does not contain fractures or liquid inclusions. Regular professional cleaning and inspection, at least twice a year, are recommended to maintain the gemstone’s brilliance and structural integrity. Jewelry should be stored separately in soft cloths or padded containers to minimize scratching and wear.
Aquamarine and Other Beryl Varieties
Aquamarine is part of the beryl family, which includes other well-known gemstones. Emerald, with its blue-green to green hues, is perhaps the most famous beryl variety. Goshenite is a colorless beryl, while morganite exhibits pink to violet shades. Golden beryl, also known as heliodor, displays yellow to orange tones. A rare red beryl, found in Utah, completes the spectrum of colors within the beryl family.
Durability Considerations
While aquamarine boasts a commendable hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, making it resistant to scratches from common materials like household dust, it is not impervious to damage. Its imperfect cleavage means it can potentially split if struck along an internal cleavage plane. Furthermore, aquamarine possesses “brittle” tenacity, meaning it is prone to breaking or chipping upon impact. These factors necessitate careful handling and appropriate setting in jewelry to maximize its longevity.
Conclusion
Aquamarine stands as a testament to the beauty and enduring appeal of natural gemstones. From its ancient origins as a talisman for sailors to its modern status as a beloved birthstone and anniversary gift, aquamarine continues to captivate with its serene colors, durability, and rich history. Its geological formation in pegmatite deposits across the globe, coupled with its unique gemological properties, makes it a fascinating subject for both enthusiasts and professionals alike. Proper care and understanding of its vulnerabilities will ensure that this “stone of the sea” remains a cherished possession for generations to come.