Aquamarine, a gemstone deeply connected to water and the sea, holds a prominent place in the world of gemstones as one of the recognized birthstones for March. Its name, derived from the Latin “aqua marina” meaning seawater, perfectly encapsulates its serene color and historical association with the ocean. Throughout history, this beryl variety has been admired for its beauty, believed to possess protective qualities, and cherished as a symbol of youth, happiness, and courage. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of aquamarine, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The history of aquamarine is rich and spans numerous cultures. Sumerians, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks all valued this gemstone. Ancient Greeks engraved designs into aquamarine, while Egyptians were known to include aquamarine beads in mummies. Roman physicians utilized aquamarine in attempts to treat overeating and bloating. Beyond medicinal uses, Roman fishermen employed aquamarine as a protective charm, believing it would ensure safe voyages and bountiful catches.
Sailors throughout history have held aquamarine in high regard, viewing it as a talisman against shipwreck and a guarantee of good fortune at sea. This belief stemmed from the gem’s color, reminiscent of the ocean, and ancient tales claiming aquamarine originated from the treasure chests of mermaids. The association with the sea extended to the belief that aquamarine could calm waves, further solidifying its reputation as a protector of those who traveled by water.
Aquamarine also carries significance in religious contexts, being linked to the apostle St. Thomas, known for his frequent sea voyages. More recently, in 1936, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt received a significant aquamarine – a 1,298-carat rectangular step-cut stone – as a gift from the Brazilian government. This gem is now housed at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. Furthermore, aquamarine is traditionally gifted to celebrate the 19th wedding anniversary, symbolizing enduring love and happiness.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine is a variety of the mineral beryl, a beryllium aluminum cyclosilicate. It forms in granite pegmatites and can also be found in veins of metamorphic rocks that have undergone hydrothermal activity. These geological environments provide the necessary conditions for the growth of large, six-sided crystals, sometimes reaching lengths of up to a foot. The gem typically occurs in association with other minerals such as muscovite, schorl, albite, quartz, microcline, fluorite, smoky quartz, cleavelandite, and morganite.
Brazil, particularly the state of Minas Gerais, has been a significant source of aquamarine for over two centuries. The region’s diverse landscapes – rocky hills, rivers, scrub brush, savannahs, forests, and lush green hills – conceal both primary (hard rock) and secondary (weathered) pegmatite deposits where aquamarine is found. However, Brazil is not the sole source. Aquamarine is also mined in Nigeria, Madagascar, Zambia, Pakistan, and Mozambique. U.S. sources include Riverside and San Diego counties in California, and Colorado, where aquamarine is the state gemstone. Other locations include Afghanistan, China, Kenya, Russia, Tanzania, Sri Lanka, Malawi, India, Zimbabwe, Australia, Myanmar, and Namibia.
The largest known faceted aquamarine is the Dom Pedro, weighing an impressive 10,363 carats (approximately 4.6 pounds). This remarkable gem, originally weighing over 100 pounds in its rough crystal form, was discovered in Brazil and is currently displayed at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. It was skillfully cut into an obelisk shape using the fantasy cut technique by German lapidary Berndt Munsteiner.
Gemological Properties
Aquamarine typically exhibits a light tone, ranging from greenish-blue to blue-green. The intensity of the color generally increases with larger stone sizes, with darker blue stones being particularly valuable. As a variety of beryl, it shares similar properties with emeralds, another well-known beryl.
Aquamarine’s clarity is often notable, frequently appearing free from inclusions, resembling clear water. This clarity contributes to its brilliance and appeal. The gem is well-suited for larger carat weights due to its crystal structure, making it a popular choice for bold statement jewelry.
While specific data regarding hardness and refractive index are not provided in the sources, the gem’s suitability for cutting and polishing into larger stones suggests a reasonable degree of durability.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, aquamarine has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Its color has consistently linked it to the ocean, evoking feelings of tranquility and serenity. Western culture associates aquamarine with youth and happiness, further enhancing its positive connotations.
Beyond its aesthetic appeal, aquamarine is believed to possess spiritual and meditative properties. It is thought to aid in developing intuition, fostering a deeper connection with oneself and the universe, and overcoming judgment. As the birthstone for March, aquamarine is considered a symbol of purity, hope, and courage, bringing good luck to those born in that month. Ancient Romans believed the stone had healing properties, noting its near invisibility when submerged in water.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the brilliance of aquamarine requires proper care. The gemstone can be safely cleaned with warm water and mild soap. A soft-bristled brush can be used to gently remove any accumulated dirt. It is important to avoid extreme temperatures and protect aquamarine from harsh chemicals, which could potentially damage its surface or alter its color.
Conclusion
Aquamarine, the tranquil gem of the sea, stands as a testament to the enduring allure of natural beauty and the rich tapestry of human history and belief. From its ancient origins as a protective talisman for sailors to its modern status as a cherished birthstone and anniversary gift, aquamarine continues to captivate with its serene color, clarity, and symbolic significance. Its geological origins, primarily in Brazil but also found across the globe, contribute to its accessibility and enduring appeal. Aquamarine remains a gemstone of enduring value, representing purity, hope, and courage for generations to come.