March, the month that heralds the arrival of spring, is symbolized by two distinct yet equally fascinating gemstones: aquamarine and bloodstone. These birthstones have been cherished for centuries, each with its own unique appearance, properties, and cultural significance. While aquamarine evokes the serene beauty of the ocean and is prized for its clarity and light blue hues, bloodstone is a darker, earthier stone marked by vivid red inclusions that evoke the imagery of vitality and strength. Together, these two gems represent the duality of March—transition, renewal, and the enduring human connection to the natural world.
This article delves into the rich history, geological properties, and symbolic meanings of March’s two birthstones. Drawing from authoritative sources and historical records, it explores how these gems have been valued across cultures and eras, and how they continue to captivate collectors and jewelers today. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, this in-depth overview offers a comprehensive look at the science, lore, and enduring appeal of March’s birthstones.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with the months of the year dates back to ancient times, with early records tracing the practice to the 1st century AD. At that time, scholars connected the 12 stones mentioned in the Bible to both the 12 months of the year and the 12 zodiac signs. This early system laid the foundation for the modern birthstone tradition, though the specific gemstones assigned to each month have evolved over time.
For March, the earliest known birthstone was bloodstone, a gem that was revered for its protective and fortifying properties. Bloodstone was believed to bring courage and strength, making it a favored stone among warriors and travelers. Over time, aquamarine was added to the list, either as a secondary or alternative birthstone. The inclusion of aquamarine is largely attributed to its striking resemblance to the sea and its calming associations, which aligned with the March zodiac signs of Pisces and Aries.
The modern system of assigning birthstones became more standardized in the 19th century. Notably, in 1870, the jewelry house Tiffany & Co. published a set of birthstone poems, which helped popularize the concept among the general public. These poems, though attributed to an anonymous "Gregorian" author, played a crucial role in solidifying the connection between specific gemstones and the months of the year.
Today, aquamarine is widely recognized as the primary birthstone for March, while bloodstone remains an official secondary birthstone. This dual designation reflects the historical evolution of the birthstone tradition and highlights the diversity of gemstones that have been valued for their beauty and symbolism.
Geological Formation and Sources
Both aquamarine and bloodstone are formed through distinct geological processes, resulting in their unique physical and optical properties.
Aquamarine
Aquamarine is a variety of the mineral beryl, which also includes emerald (green), heliodor (yellow), and morganite (pink). Chemically, aquamarine is composed of beryllium aluminum silicate (Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆), with its blue to blue-green coloration caused by trace amounts of iron. The presence of iron in the crystal lattice absorbs certain wavelengths of light, allowing the blue hue to appear.
Aquamarine is typically found in granitic pegmatites, which are igneous rocks that form under conditions of slow cooling and high fluid content. These conditions allow for the growth of large, well-formed crystals. The largest aquamarine crystals have been found in Brazil, particularly in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia, which remain the most important sources of the gemstone today. Other notable sources include Nigeria, Zambia, Afghanistan, and the United States (especially California and Colorado).
Aquamarine is known for its clarity and transparency, making it one of the few gems that can rival the clarity of a fine diamond. It is also relatively hard, with a Mohs hardness of 7.5 to 8, which makes it durable enough for use in jewelry. However, like all beryl, it is sensitive to sudden temperature changes and should be handled with care.
Bloodstone
In contrast to aquamarine, bloodstone is an opaque gemstone composed of chalcedony (a form of quartz) with red inclusions of iron oxide. The red spots resemble blood droplets, hence the name. The primary composition of bloodstone is silicon dioxide (SiO₂), with the red spots caused by hematite or goethite.
Bloodstone forms in sedimentary rocks, particularly in jaspers and chalcedonies, which are found in India, Brazil, and the United States. The most historically significant source of bloodstone is India, particularly in the region of Madhya Pradesh, where it has been mined for centuries. This region has supplied the world with high-quality bloodstone, often used in cabochon cuts due to the stone’s opacity and the presence of inclusions.
Unlike aquamarine, bloodstone is typically cut as a cabochon, as its lack of transparency and refractive properties make faceting less effective. Its Mohs hardness is 6.5 to 7, which is sufficient for everyday wear, though it is still more fragile than aquamarine.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of aquamarine and bloodstone is essential for collectors, jewelers, and gemologists. These properties not only determine the stone's durability and appearance but also influence its value and suitability for different types of jewelry.
Aquamarine
- Chemical Composition: Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆
- Hardness (Mohs): 7.5 – 8
- Refractive Index: 1.56 – 1.60
- Specific Gravity: 2.66 – 2.83
- Color: Blue to blue-green, with varying degrees of saturation
- Luster: Vitreous (glassy)
- Transparency: Transparent to slightly translucent
- Cleavage: Perfect in one direction
- Fracture: Uneven
- Luminescence: Weak to none under UV light
- Cut: Typically faceted, sometimes in emerald or round brilliant cuts
- Common Treatments: Heat treatment to enhance blue color; irradiation is rare
Aquamarine is known for its pleochroism, an optical phenomenon where the stone appears to have different colors when viewed from different angles. A well-cut aquamarine should display a uniform blue color and maximize its brilliance.
Bloodstone
- Chemical Composition: SiO₂ (silicon dioxide) with iron oxide inclusions
- Hardness (Mohs): 6.5 – 7
- Refractive Index: 1.48 – 1.53
- Specific Gravity: 2.58 – 2.64
- Color: Dark green with red spots of iron oxide
- Luster: Waxy to sub-vitreous
- Transparency: Opaque
- Cleavage: None
- Fracture: Conchoidal
- Luminescence: None
- Cut: Typically cut as a cabochon
- Common Treatments: None
Bloodstone is prized for its distinctive pattern and durability. It is often used in jewelry and amulets, and its opaque nature makes it ideal for engraving and signet rings.
| Property | Aquamarine | Bloodstone |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness (Mohs) | 7.5 – 8 | 6.5 – 7 |
| Transparency | Transparent to slightly translucent | Opaque |
| Luster | Vitreous | Waxy to sub-vitreous |
| Color | Blue to blue-green | Dark green with red inclusions |
| Cut | Faceted | Cabochon |
| Common Uses | Rings, earrings, pendants | Rings, pendants, amulets |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both aquamarine and bloodstone have long been associated with metaphysical properties and symbolic meanings, which have contributed to their enduring popularity across cultures and centuries.
Aquamarine
Aquamarine has been historically linked to the sea and sailors, with ancient mariners believing that the gemstone could calm the waves and protect them from shipwreck. This association with water and the ocean has given aquamarine a reputation for calming and soothing the mind and emotions. In modern metaphysical practices, aquamarine is often used to reduce anxiety, promote inner peace, and encourage truthful communication.
It is also considered a stone of protection, particularly for those embarking on new journeys—whether physical, emotional, or spiritual. Some believe that aquamarine enhances intuition and mental clarity, making it a popular choice for those seeking to improve their decision-making skills.
Aquamarine is also a symbol of love and fidelity. In ancient times, it was believed that the gemstone could strengthen marital bonds and bring happiness to couples. It is often given as a wedding gift, particularly on the 19th wedding anniversary, which is traditionally commemorated with aquamarine.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone, with its bold red inclusions, has been associated with strength, courage, and vitality. In ancient times, it was believed to purify the blood and restore health, making it a popular stone for warriors and healers alike. This belief gave rise to the name “bloodstone,” and the gem has long been considered a protective and energizing stone.
In medieval Europe, bloodstone was used to create amulets and rings for knights and soldiers, who believed that it would increase their endurance and ward off illness. It was also used in healing rituals, particularly for those suffering from anemia or other blood-related conditions.
Today, bloodstone is still valued for its grounding and stabilizing properties. It is often used in jewelry to help the wearer stay focused and centered, especially during times of stress or transition. It is also considered a stone of justice, and was historically used by judges and lawyers to enhance clarity of thought and moral integrity.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their differing physical properties, aquamarine and bloodstone require slightly different care and cleaning methods to maintain their beauty and integrity over time.
Aquamarine
Aquamarine is relatively durable, with a Mohs hardness of 7.5 to 8, making it suitable for daily wear in rings and other jewelry. However, it is still sensitive to sudden temperature changes and excessive heat, which can cause fractures or discoloration.
To clean aquamarine jewelry, use warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, as they can potentially damage the stone or loosen settings. If the gemstone has been oiled or treated, steam cleaning should also be avoided.
Aquamarine should be stored separately from harder gemstones, such as diamonds or rubies, to prevent scratches. It is also advisable to remove aquamarine jewelry before engaging in physical activity, to avoid impact damage.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, is less durable than aquamarine, and should be handled with care. It is more prone to scratching, and its opaque nature makes it sensitive to harsh chemicals.
To clean bloodstone, use warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. Avoid using abrasive cleaners, ultrasonic, or steam cleaners, as these can damage the surface or alter the color of the stone.
Bloodstone should also be stored separately from harder gemstones to avoid scratches. It is best to remove bloodstone jewelry before exposure to chemicals, such as perfumes, lotions, or cleaning agents, which can faintly etch the surface over time.
Conclusion
The birthstones of March—aquamarine and bloodstone—are two of the most historically significant and symbolically rich gems in the world of birthstones. Aquamarine, with its serene blue color and connection to the sea, has long been associated with calm, protection, and clear communication. Bloodstone, with its bold red inclusions and earthy green base, is a symbol of strength, vitality, and justice. Together, these two gemstones represent the duality of March—transition, renewal, and the enduring human connection to the natural world.
Whether you are a gemstone collector, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the meaning behind the gems, aquamarine and bloodstone offer a fascinating glimpse into the intersection of science, history, and symbolism. Their enduring appeal is a testament to the timeless fascination that humans have with gemstones and their profound cultural significance.